推荐阅读潘军强老师的文章《写在教育的天平上》 当我们面对教育教学中层出不穷的问题而心力交瘁、无比烦恼时，请记住那不是你一个人的力量能解决的。听听这里的声音，有些同感，也能得到些许宽慰吧！ ... Posted by mmxxx_hxh ( May 22 2007, 03:51:48 PM CST ) Permalink Comments [1]
华秀红
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Tuesday May 22, 2007
Monday April 23, 2007 求职信与简历常用词汇 education 学历 educational background 教育程度 major 主修 educational highlights 课程重点部分 specialized courses 专门课程 special training 特别训练 part-time jobs 业余工作 vacation jobs 假期工作 extracurricular activities 课外活动 recreational activities 娱乐活动 social activities 社会活动 scholarship 奖学金 excellent leader 优秀干部 off-job training 脱产培训 educational system 学制 semester 学期（美） supervisor 论文导师 fail 不及格 examination 考试 post doctorate 博士后 master 硕士 graduate student 研究生 abroad student 留学生 government-supported student 公费生 extern 走读生 prize fellow 奖学金生 graduate 毕业生 guest student 旁听生（英） educational history 学历 curriculum 课程 minor 副修 curriculum included 课程包括 courses taken 所学课程 social practice 社会实践 summer jobs 暑期工作 refresher course 进修课程 physical activities 体育活动 academic activities 学术活动 rewards 奖励 excellent League member 优秀团员 student council 学生会 in-job training 在职培训 academic year 学年 term 学期（英） marks 分数 pass 及格 degree 学位 doctor(Ph.D) 博士 bachelor 学士 abroad student 留学生 undergraduate 大学肆业生 commoner 自费生 intern 实习生 boarder 寄宿生 day-student 走读生 auditor 旁听生（美）Posted by mmxxx_hxh ( Apr 23 2007, 12:02:13 AM CST ) Permalink Comments [0]
英语常见的修辞格
Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech.
1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.
2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.
3) Analogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.
4) Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.
5) Hyperbole: (夸张） It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.
6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述） It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.
7) Euphemism: (委婉） It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as " pass away".
8) Metonymy (转喻） It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces).
9) Synecdoche (提喻） It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.
10) Antonomasia (换喻）It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.
11) Pun: (双关语） It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)
12) Syllepsis: (一语双叙） It has two connotations.
In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.)
In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example, while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in literal; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)
13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配） It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)
14) Irony: (反语） It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.
15) Innuendo: (暗讽） It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.
16) Sarcasm: (讽刺） It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps break through.
17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语） It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more haste, less speed.
18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰） It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).
19) Antithesis: (对照） It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.
20) Epigram: (警句） It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.
21) Climax: (渐进） It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I conquered.
22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降）It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.
23) Apostrophe： (顿呼） In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said. For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!
24) Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词） It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I spent sleepless nights on my project.
25) Alliteration: (头韵） It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.
26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声） It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movement.
Selected from Figures of Speech by Feng Cuihua
Posted by mmxxx_hxh
( Apr 23 2007, 12:00:42 AM CST )
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Sunday April 22, 2007 Common Signs and Short Notices in English 英语常用标识语和提示语 赵宝斌 随着我国加入世贸组织和北京将举办2008年奥运会，越来越多的外国人到中国经商和旅游，英语被使用的越来越广泛。英语标识语和提示语在人们的生活当中越来越重要了，但目前我国有很多标识语和提示话使用不规范，比如：有些旅游场所标有"No visitors"(游客止步)，很多商店标有"Business time" (营业时间)，甚至首都机场有些标识语也不规范，如："Claim luggage" (取行李)。这些都会给外国朋友造成一定的交际和沟通方面的障碍。 前几年，我去英国学习，注意到了英国的一些标识语和提示语，并把它们记录下来。现在我把它们整理分类，配有中文翻译。这些都是原汁原味的英语标识语和提示语，大部分我们可以直接运用，有些则可以根据我国的实际情况变通一下再用。可以说你使用这些地地道道的英语标识语和提示语，老外看了，也会觉得我们不是"老外"了。 下面是笔者收集的部分标识语和提示语。 Road and Traffic 公路和交通 Approaching end of motorway 即将驶出高速。 Avoid the jams. 避免交通堵塞。 Dangerous bend 弯道危险 Diverted traffic 交叉路口 Entry to motorway 高速入口 Left junction 左交叉口 Look left (right) 向左（右）看。 Low bridge ahead 前方桥低。 New hours of parking control 停车控制新时段 No entry 禁止驶人 No stopping at any time 任何时间不准停车 No thoroughfare 禁止通行 No trade or business vehicle unless authorized 未经允许货车禁止通行。 Pedestrian crossing ahead 注意前方人行横道。 Pedestrian crossing 人行横道 Please drive carefully 请小心驾驶。 Road closed 此路封闭 Slow， school 前方学校请慢行。 Speed limit of 48kmh 限速每小时48公里 The law requires you wear a seatbelt 法规要求系安全带。 This vehicle stops frequently 随时停车 Car and Parking 汽车和停车 Car park front and rear.前后停车 Cars parked here without permission will be clamped 未经允许在此停车将被拖走 Guest's car park 来客停车场 Limited parking 停车位有限 No parking constantly in use 此处经常使用，禁止停车。 No parking except for loading. 除装货外，禁止停车。 No parking in front of this gate 门前禁止停车 No parking in use 24 hours a day 此处24小时使用，禁止停车。 No parking or materials in front of doors 门前不准停车或堆放杂物。 Parking for taxis only 只准许出租停。 Parking permitted 允许停车 Please do not park in front of the barrier 请不要在护拦前停车。 Please do not park. Garage in use. 车库使用，门前请不要停车。 Please ensure that you have paid and display 请确保已买票并张贴。 Rent a car and go as you please 租辆车想去哪就去哪。 Strictly no parking 严禁停车 This is a pay and display car park 此停车场自动交费并张贴票据。 VIP car park 贵宾停车场 You will be required to leave a deposit when you pick up the car. 取车时需交押金。 Bus and Coach 公共汽车和长途汽车 Bus information 公共汽车问讯处 Bus lane 公共汽车道 Bus stand 公共汽车停车处 Double deck buses 双层公共汽车 End of bus lane 公共汽车道结束 In case of fire, stay in vehicle 如遇火警，请呆在车内。 Keep your belongings with you at all times 随时照看好你的物品 The light indicates the door is not secured. 指示灯亮显示门未关好。 These seats are meant for elderly and handicapped persons & women with child. 老人，残疾人及抱小孩的妇女专座。 This coach is for holders of full fare. 本长途汽车专为持全程票者乘坐。 When the bus is moving, do not speak to the driver 汽车行使中，严禁与司机交谈。 With permission, but at owner's risk 允许存放，但后果自负。 Tube and Train 地铁和火车 After 21:00 hours access to London underground station. 21:00以后，开往伦敦地铁站。 Certain stations are closed on public holidays. 假日某些车站关闭 From … to … route … 从……到……途经…… Help us to keep the tube litter free 请协助我们，保持地铁清洁卫生。 Luggage must not be put in the gateway 行李不准放到过道上。 Mind the gap 小心台阶间跨度 Not valid on certain trains. 车票对某些列车无效 Peak hours only 只限高峰时段 Please keep gateways clear 请保持过道畅通。 Please retain your ticket for inspection 请保留车票待检。 Single or return tickets only 单程或往返程票 Stand clear of the door 请不要站在门口。 The last train this evening will be the service to … 今晚最后一列火车是到…… Ticket valid until 30 June 2003. 车票有效期到2003年6月30日。 To ensure punctuality, this barrier may be closed up to one minute prior to departure of each train 为确保准时发车，此门在发车前一分钟关闭。 Toilet engaged 厕所有人 Train departure 出站列车 Tube to … 地铁开往… Airport 飞机场 Airport lounges 机场休息室 Airports shuttle 机场班车 Arrivals 进港 Assistance 问讯处 Check in area (zone) 办理登机区 Customers lounges 旅客休息室 Departure airport 离港时间 Departure times on reverse 返航时间 Departures 出港 Destination airport 到达机场 Domestic flights. 国内航班 Emergency exit 安全出口 Exit to all routes 各通道出口 Flight connections 转机处 Help point (desk) 问讯处 Inquiries 问讯处 Left baggage 行李寄存 Lost property 失物招领 Luggage from flights 到港行李 Luggage pick up 取行李 Luggage reclaim 取行李 Missing people help line 走失求救热线 Missing, police appeal for assistance 警察提供走失帮助。 No smoking except in designated area 除指定区域外，禁止吸烟。 Nothing (something) to declare 无（有）报关 Passport control 入境检验 Please leave your luggage with you at all times 请随身携带你的行李。 Queue here 在此排队 Reclaim belt 取行李传送带 Reserved seating 预定的座位 Return fares 往返票价 Short stay 短暂停留 Stay close 跟紧 Welcome aboard 欢迎登机 Purchases and Sales 商品买卖 15% off with this flyer 凭此宣传品优惠15% 50% off on selected lines 部分商品降半价 Accessories & spares delivered to your door 配件送货上门。 All the range of … available. 各种……有货 As many repairs as you need, free of charge 随时免费维修 Ask at the counter for details 详情问柜台 Ask inside for details 详情里面询问 Best choice and best discounts 最佳选择，最大优惠 Big sale 大甩卖 Brighter shopping, brighter prices 明智的购物，透明的价格 Buy any two together and save 10% off both products 一次性买俩，每个优惠10％ Buy one and get anyone free 买一赠一 Buy two get one free 买二赠一 Children's wear 童装 Closing sale 关门大甩卖 Computers in stock 电脑有货 Customer care is our top priority 顾客至上 Customer services 顾客服务处 Easy to use and great value too. 好用实惠，物美价廉 Fill in your selection here and take to a pay point. 在此选购商品填单，然后到收款台付款。 Final clear out 清仓大甩卖 For more information，contact our customer service desk 详情请和顾客服务处联系。 Free delivery to your door 免费送货上门 Furniture sale now on 家具现降价销售 Half price sale 半价甩卖 Hours of opening： 营业时间 Massive stock, clear out 大量库存，清仓甩卖 Offer is subject to availability. 现货优惠，卖完为止 Open for business as usual 照常营业 Opening soon 即将开业 Opening times (hours): 营业时间: We can provide the complete hospitality service. 我们提供热情周到的服务。 Out of hours, delivery at … 下班时，送货到…… Peace of mind from the minute you buy 买着放心 Please ask for assistance 需帮助请询问 Please check your change before leaving the checkout area 请当面点清。 Please retain this receipt as proof of your purchase and your guarantee.请保存好收据，作为交款凭证，并享受保修。 Please leave bags at the counter 请把包放到柜台 Price crash 削价 Sale 50% off original price按原价的50%销售 Sale at breakdown price 跳楼价甩卖 Sale continues in store 商品继续销价 Save up to 50% off 50％大降价 Save up to 40% 6折优惠 Save your money 贱卖 Savings and discounts all around the store 店内所有商品均削价处理 Services as usual 照常营业 Special offer 特价 50% discount on selected items 部分商品五折 Summer price cuts.夏季大削价 Thank you for your custom. 感谢您惠顾光临 Try before you buy 先试后买 We will not be beaten on price 我们的价格最低。 Public Places 公共场所 Central heating throughout. 中央暖气全部开放 Children and senior citizens free 儿童与老人免费 Do not enter, alarm operating装有警报，禁止入内。 Do not obstruct or chain cycles to the railings 请不要把自行车靠到或锁到栏杆上。 Do not put (place) bicycles against the railings 请不要把自行车靠到栏杆上。 Do not use this lift as a means of escape in the event of fire 遇火警时，严禁使用此电梯 Dog waste only 只存放狗的粪便 Fire construction points to note 注意消防设施 Fire door, keep shut 消防门房，保持关闭 Fire escape to be clear of obstruction. 安全出口，保持通畅 Fire escape, asked to be cleared off obstruction.安全出口，请保持通畅 Fire escape, keep clear 安全出口，保持通畅 Fire exit only 仅作火警安全出口 Footpath closed. 步行路关闭 For public use 公用 Free of charge 免费 Fully air conditioned 空调全面开放 Gates in use night & day 此门昼夜使用 Public toilet 公厕 Lavatories 厕所 Unisex toilet 男女公厕 Gents 男厕 man's lavatory 男厕所 Men 男厕 Waiting room and ladies 女厕 woman's lavatory 女厕所 Leave by entrance door 请不要堵住门口 No admittance 禁止入内 No bathing, fishing allowed in this pond 此池塘禁止游泳，垂钓 No bicycles, police will remove 禁止停放自行车，否则警察拖走。 No charge 不收费 No entry for general public 公众不得入内 No unauthorized access prohibited，未经许可，禁止入内。 No unauthorized entry未经许可，不得入内 No way out 无出口 Non-smokers only. 仅供非吸烟者 Obstruction of the door can be dangerous. 门口堵塞，危险 Open all year daily 全年每天开放 Open all year round/ Open all year 全年开放 Open daily 每天开放 Open to the public on selected days only 仅限规定的日期，对公众开放。 Opening hours: 开放/开门/营业时间: Particulars of membership 会员优先 Pick pockets operate in this area 本区域内注意小偷 Please do not chain bicycles to these railings 请不要把自行车锁到栏杆上。 Please do not lean on these barriers 请不要靠防护栏。 Please do not leave rubbish here 请不要在此倒垃圾。 Please do not obstruct entrance 请不要堵住入口。 Please feel free to smoke in the lounge. 休息室允许吸烟 Please keep clear of the door 请保持门口畅通。 Please telephone for opening times and admission charges 打电话询问开放时间和门票价格。 Please use other doors 请走其它门 Please use yours with consideration for others. 请在你使用时，也为别人着想。 Police notice: bicycles will be removed 警察特别提示：自行车将被清走。 Private function only 只供私人使用 Unauthorized posters and advertisements will be persecuted 未经允许，禁止张贴广告，否则追究责任。 Under repair, do not operate 正在修理，不能使用。 Use of emergency alarm 用于报警 Useful numbers: 常用电话号码 Way out 出口 Office 办公室 Air quality improvement area 空气质量净化区 All visitors must report to office 来客必须到办公室登记。 All visitors please report to the gate warder 来客请到门房登记。 Anyone caught using this lift will be removed from this lift 发现用此电梯者将被清走。 Business office 商务办公室 Close the door behind you 请随手关门 Demonstration available 可以进行演示 Electrically operated gate 电动门 Floor cleaning in progress 正在清扫地板 Front entrance 前门入口 For your convenience we are open 7 days a week. 为了方便你，我们每周7天开放。 Head office 总部 Interview in progress 正在面试 Lift out of order 电梯发生故障 Lift out of use 电梯停止使用 Meeting in progress, quiet please 正在开会，请保持安静。 No food is to be consumed in this area.此处不准吃食物。 No littering 勿乱扔废弃物 No smoking in this area 此处禁止吸烟 No smoking in this lift 电梯内禁止吸烟 Office to let 办公室出租 Please close the door on leaving 离开时请关门 Please do not help yourself 不要随便拿东西。 Please do not help yourself to books from this shelf 请不要随便从架子上取书籍。 Please ensure that this door is closed top & bottom 请确保此门上下关紧。 Please keep this office tidy and use the bins provided 请保持办公室整洁，使用所提供的垃圾箱 Please wait here for enquiries请在此等候咨询。 This is a smoke free building 楼内禁止吸烟 We do not buy at this door 谢绝推销 Restaurant and Pub 餐馆酒吧 Air conditioned 空调开放 Daily specials 每日特色菜 Drinks purchased are for taken away only 饮料仅供外卖 Eat in or take away 店内吃或外卖 Please ask to taste 欢迎品尝 Please wait here or take advantage until our hostess escorts to your table. 请稍等或自便，主人会领你入座。 Superb cuisine and wide selection of drinks. 美味佳肴，各种饮料 Take away service available 提供外卖 Today's special/Today's specialties 今日特色菜 Try our summer range of food 品尝夏季各种食品 Wines & spirits 红酒白酒 Construction Site 建筑工地 Apologize for any inconvenience caused during building operation 对施工期间带来的不便表示歉意。 Danger of death. Keep out. 生命危险，严禁入内。 Danger，building site, keep out 工地危险，禁止入内。 Danger，evacuation 危险,请走开 Dangerous structure, this bridge is unsafe 危险结构，该桥不安全。 Hot work in progress 正在施工 No persons allowed beyond this point 任何人不许越过此处。 Safety footwear.穿安全靴 Safety helmets must be worn on this site 此工地必须戴安全帽。 Site entrance, dangerous 工地入口，危险 Slow, site entrance 工地入口请慢行 This button has been moved for remedial work 该按钮已卸下拿去修理。 This is just for construction personnel 仅供施工人员使用。 This lift is only for construction personal 此电梯仅供施工人员使用。 This work will be completed by the end of this year. Thank you for your patience during the inevitable disruption 此工程于年底完工，感谢你施工期间的宽容大度。 We apologize for any inconvenience caused during this works 对施工期间引起的不便表示歉意。 Working overhead 上面在施工 Banks and Insurance 银行保险 24-hour credit card bookings 24小时信用卡预约 An attractive rate of interest on any money. 存款利率高 Automatic teller machine 自动取款机 Bring proof of identity to open your account. 开户需带证件 Bureau de change/Currency exchange 兑换外汇 Call us with credit card details on … 打电话……询问，需提供信用卡记录详情。 Fast, safe worldwide money transfers available here.我们能提供全球快捷安全的转帐业务。 Foreign exchange (services) 外币兑换 Look out our lowest rate loans on personal 提供个人低息贷款。 Making your money grow 让你的钱增值。 Our telephone banking service is open 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.我们的银行开通每年365天每天24小时的服务电话。 Repayments guaranteed to stay the same throughout the length of the loan. 偿还的贷款保证在还贷期间保持不变。 Sell to customer rate: 卖出价: There is no cash left in this machine overnight 此机夜间无现金 This till position is closed. 此取款机停止使用 Travelers cheque commission 旅行支票收手续费 We can supply all your foreign currency. 我们提供各国货币 We give you great rates and instant access 我们提供优惠的价位快捷的服务。 You open an account with at least ￡10 开户至少10镑 Your insurance plan will protect your product against accidental damage.保险将保护你的产品免受意外损失。 Post Office and Communications 邮局电信 Abroad 国外信件 All prices include postage and packing 全部价格包括邮资和包装 Calls charged at the national rate 电话按国内长途收费 Counter service 服务柜台 Country letters 国内信件 Enquires 问讯处 If your mobile breaks down more than twice because of a mechanical fault, we will replace it. 如果你的手机出现两次以上的故障，我们将予以更换。 If your mobile phone breaks down, we will carry out as many repairs as your product needs, free of charge. 如果你的手机出现故障，我们随时提供免费修理。 In most instances we will repair your mobile phone within five working days. 一般我们在5个工作日修好你的手机。 Internet e-mail with free fast access to useful sites 发电子邮件，免费访问常用的网站。 Local calls 本地电话 Mobile phone center 移动电话中心 National calls 国内长途电话 Nokia original accessories 诺基亚原装配件 Please join the main queue 请排成一队 Please post all your mail here，thank you 请在此邮寄，谢谢合作 Pocket phone shop 手机商店 Post your comments here 请留下您的意见 Price paid including fees and vat.所付价格包括服务费和增值税 Simply return your damaged or faulty phone to our store and it will be exchanged for a loan phone until your phone has been repaired.只要你把你损坏或有故障的手机拿回我们商店，在你的手机修好前，我们会提供备用电话。 Stamp vending machine 邮票销售机 We offer a special instant replacement service for pagers. 我们对BB机提供快捷换货的特别服务。 We will replace any accessories you bought from us for your original phone. 我们为你从我们这买的原装手机换配件。 Theatre and Cinema 剧院电影院 24 hour ticket line … 24小时售票电话…… All prices quoted include any service charges applicable.票价包括一定的服务费。 All sessions last for approximately 1 hour. 演出大约1小时 Booking Office 售票处 Bookable in advance at the box office only with ID 凭身份证可在售票处提前预定。 Booking by post, phone, fax or e-mail or in person. 可通过邮寄，打电话，发传真或发电子邮件或亲自定票。 Booking can be made through … on … 可打电话 ……通过……定票 Concessions 优惠 No booking fee 不收定票费 Performance times 演出时间 Previews 预演 Regular price 普通票价 Special reductions are available to groups 12+ at all performances. 所有演出对12人以上的团体给予特别优惠。 The performance runs 2 hours 30 minutes including an interval 整个演出2小时30分，包括中间休息 The price shown on the ticket includes ticket price and service charges.票上的价格包括票价和服务费。 This ticket will not be exchanged nor the purchase price refunded.票不可交换，也不能按购买价退票。 Tickets are subject to availability. 票在销售，售完为止 Tickets available from all accredited ticket agents. 可在所有的指定的代理商买到票 Hotels and Hostels 旅店宾馆 Be careful when using the bath.使用此浴室时小心。 Booking made through most travel agents. 可通过各地旅游代理商定票。 Centrally located overlooking a park with free parking. 市区中心，紧靠公园，免费停车。 Cleanliness and comfort assured.保证干净舒适。 Conference facilities. 会议设施 Easy access to… Close to city center. 紧靠市中心，去……交通便利。 Equipped and furnished to a high standard. 家具配备高档，设施配备精良。 Extremely well equipped. 设施配备精良。 Friendly family guest house near city center and railway station. 家庭式客房，紧靠市中心和火车站。 Full central heating with house provided hot water 24 hours 中央暖气系统，房间24小时提供热水。 Fully centrally heated.中央暖气全部开放。 Indoor swimming pool 室内游泳池 Laundry service. 提供洗熨服务 Night porter on duty. 夜间有行李搬运服务生。 Price according to season and size of flat. 价格按季节和公寓大小而定。 Reduced rates for elderly. 老人优惠 Shave pins in all bedrooms 所有卧室备有刮脸刀/脱发器插头 Stay a minimum of 3 nights and receive 1 extra night free. 最少住三晚，另外免费一晚。 Tea/coffee making facility in all bedrooms. 所有卧室有沏茶和煮咖啡的条件。 This offer is available for all stays to 31 October 2003. 对截至2003年10月31日的住宿实行优惠。 Warm, friendly service in a comfortable home. 热情友好的服务，舒适温馨的家。 Tour and Sightseeing 旅游观光 15% off with this flyer 持本广告85折优惠 A place to relax and unwind 一个让你放松身心的地方。 Access all day.全天开放 Admission is free 不收门票 Advanced booking is essential to avoid disappointment 提前预定，避免错过。 All passengers are strongly advised to obtain travel insurance. 建议所有乘客购买旅游保险。 All tours require advance booking. 旅游需要提前定票。 All-inclusive ticket 票价包括所有费用。 Cafeteria available 提供自助餐 Child reductions 儿童优惠 Children are free if supervised.有监护人的儿童免费。 Children under 12 half price throughout season 全季12岁以下的儿童半价 Clean and comfortable 清洁舒适 Come with us to the world's most beautiful cities 和我们一起游览世界上最美丽的城市。 Concessions (票价)优惠 Day trip to … ……一日游 Discounts available for pre-booked groups 团体提前预定优惠 Fine views of London 伦敦美景 For more detailed information please call 欲知详情，请打电话。 Free children admission with full paying adult 卖成人票，儿童免费。 Free children ticket with this leaflet 持本广告儿童免费。 Free entry for all. 向所有人开放 Free entry to over 60 attractions 免费到60 多个景点旅游。 Free for accompanied children under 16 years of age. 所带16以下岁儿童免费。 If you would like to join our club, please contact… 如想参加我们的俱乐部，请联系…… Pick up points and times 接站地点和接站时间 Reservations 预定 Reserved seating 预定座位 Safe and reliable 安全可靠 Self-catering 可自己做饭 Shopping offers 提供购物机会 Sights of London. 伦敦风光 Sightseeing at its best! 观光游览最佳季节。 Tour operators 旅游组织者 Tours take up to two hours 游程两个小时。 Tours are held throughout the day 旅游活动全天进行。 Tours have live English commentary 旅游配有现场英语解说。 Under 24 hours a 50% charge may be levied. 24小时内收半价 We want you to have a good holiday 我们让你渡过一个愉快的假日。 Training and Learning 学习培训 Accommodation provided by the institution 学校提供住宿。 All courses offered accredited by British Council 所有课程由英国文化委员会授权认可。 Expert English language training by qualified teachers 英语培训，经验丰富，师资雄厚。 Full-students 全日制学生 One-to-one English language courses with full board accommodation 一对一的英语学习课程，提供住宿。 We have over ten years of experience in teaching quality English and have successfully managed schools in different parts of the world. 我们从事了10年多的英语教学，教学质量高，教学经验丰富，在世界各地有成功地办学的范例。 Exhibition and Museum 展览会博物馆 … are now free to everyone. …… 现免费向公众开放。 … will again be open to the public. …… 再次向公众开放。 Admission charge ￡4 门票 ￡4镑 Do not touch the exhibits/objects勿触摸展品/物品 Exhibition opening times: 开馆时间： Extended opening hours during August 八月延长开放时间。 Flash photograph is not permitted 不准用闪光灯拍照。 Forthcoming exhibitions 即将展出 Open 10:30am - 6:00pm every day throughout the year 全年每天10：3:00am - 6:00pm 开放。 Open 7 days a week 每周7天开放 Photography and video are not permitted inside the building 楼内不许拍照录像。 Ticket office 售票处 Unemployed, disabled, students and children free 失业者，残疾人，学生和儿童免费。 With access all day 全天开放 Others 其它方面 Bicycle hire 出租自行车 Call now to book and to claim your free colour brochure. 现在打电话预定，索取免费彩色介绍资料。 Call … to book 打电话……预定 Contact us at email: 同我们联系请发电子邮件: Cycle hire 自行车出租 Details see over 详情见背页 Direct dial telephones 直拨电话 For free information contact： 索取免费信息，请联系： For full details of …, please see the web site: 了解……详情，请访问网站： For further details, please contact us on … 详情请打电话……和我们联系。 For further information on … please call …… 了解 … 详情, 请打电话…… For more information on the full range of products, call … or visit the web: 更多了解各种产品的情况，拨打电话…… 或访问网站: For more information, call …, Our staff will be pleased to answer your questions 了解详情请打电话……, 我们的职员会给你满意的回答。 For the latest information on availability, check out our website: … 获取最新信息，查询我们的网站:……。 Free Internet Access 免费上网 Free prize draw 免费抽奖 Further information about ……can be found on our website at… 关于……详细情况可在我们的网站……查到。 Goods are dispatched every day 每天发货 Information is correct at time of print 印刷时信息准确 Please ring/call/phone/telephone for assistance 打电话咨询 Please ring our 24-hour information line 请拨打我们24 小时咨询服务热线。 Please write clearly in blue or black ink. 请用蓝黑墨水填写清楚。 Programmes can be heard live and recorded on our website.在我们的网站上可听到现场和录音节目。 See reverse for full rules and condition 详细规则条款看背页。Posted by mmxxx_hxh ( Apr 22 2007, 11:59:28 PM CST ) Permalink Comments [0]
Friday March 30, 2007 Idioms and proverbs 趣谈含人体器官的成语： above one’s head 高深莫测 eyes in the back of one’s head 神通广大 get to one’s head 冲昏头脑 apple of one’s eyes掌上明珠 be in the public eye 抛头露面 catch one’s eye 引人注目 see sth. with one’s own eyes 亲眼目睹 give sb. the eye 暗送秋波 be all ears 洗耳恭听 have one’s hands full 应接不暇 eat out of one’s hand 盲目相信 from mouth to mouth 口口相传 back to front 前后倒置 at arm’s length 若即若离 arm in arm 亲密无间 再学谚语 Two heads are better than one. 两人智慧胜一人。 A wise head makes a close mouth. 智者寡言。 Still tongue makes a wise head. 少言者多智。 Learning is the eye of mind. 学习是心灵的慧眼。 Many hands makes light work. 人多好办事。 In one ear and out the other. 左耳进，右耳出。 Don’t let the grass under your feet. 莫让年华似流水。 Two wrongs don’t make a right. 两个错误加不出一个对来。 A close mouth catches no flies. 嘴巴闭得紧，苍蝇飞不进。 It’s never too late to mend. 改过不嫌迟。 Deeds are fruits, words are but leaves. 行动是果实，言论只不过是叶子。 Saying and doing are two different things. 说和做是两回事。 Food is god for the people. 民以食为天。 Fish begins to stink at the head. 上梁不正下梁歪。 You can’t make something out of nothing. 巧妇难为无米之炊。 A friend is easy lost than found. 朋友易失不易得。 It’s hard to please all. 众口难调。 Easy come, easy go. 来得容易，去得快。 Everything has a hard beginning. 万事开头难。 Eat to live, but do not live to eat. 人应为生而食，而不应为食而生。 Time flies like an arrow. 光阴似箭。 Time passes like flowing water. 似水年华。 A man becomes learned by asking questions. 要长学问，就得多问。 Clothes do not make the man. 人不可貌相。 Money makes the mare（母马）go. 有钱能使鬼推磨。 The day has eyes, the night has ears. 若要人不知，除非己莫为。 One today is worth two tomorrows. 一个今天胜过两个明天。 The early bird gets the worm. 捷足先登。 Tomorrow never comes. 切莫依赖明天。 One tree doesn’t make a wood. 独木不成林。 The dictionary is the only place where success comes before work. 只有在词典里，成功才出现在工作之前。 Every man has his weak side. 金无足赤，人无完人。 Teaching others by your example. 以身作则。 He that travels far knows much. 远行者，见识广。 The best company are the best books. 最好的伙伴是最好的书。 Sports are good for life. 生命在于运动。 Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起会使人健康、富有和聪慧。Posted by mmxxx_hxh ( Mar 30 2007, 10:59:01 AM CST ) Permalink Comments [2]
人性的透视(1) 我们怎样学习(如何接受别人的观点) 85% 的人 通过视觉 11% 的人 通过听觉 3.5% 的人 通过嗅觉 1.5% 的人 通过触觉 1% 的人 通过味觉 人性的透视(2) 我们如何保存信息 我们可以保存: 阅读信息的10%、听觉信息的20% 视觉信息的30%、视觉和听觉信息的50% 谈话内容的70%、做某事时说话内容的90% 人性的透视(3) 教导的方式 3小时后的记忆 3天后记忆的保存率 1.单独向人讲述 70% 10% 2.单独向人演示 72% 20% 3.讲述加演示 85% 65%Posted by mmxxx_hxh ( Mar 30 2007, 10:57:30 AM CST ) Permalink Comments [0]
教 师 的 心 理 挫 折 摘至《大众心理学》练国铮 心理挫折是指人在实践活动中遇到障碍或干扰，致使预期的目标不能达到，需要不能满足时所产生的情绪失衡状态。如紧张、焦虑、沮丧、困惑、痛苦、愤懑，甚至迂怒、攻击等，都是心理挫折的反映。在教学活动中，教师的主观愿望与学生的客观现实之间会经常发生矛盾冲突，因此诱发这样那样的心理挫折是常有的事。教师在教学中的心理挫折具有鲜明的职业特征，主要有三类。 成就挫折。教师以培养学生成材为根本宗旨的工作性质，决定了他们总是强烈希望在培养学生的活动上取得成就。因此在教学中，教师总是以学生在学识德才诸方面的发展、进步作为衡量自己工作成效的直接指标。但是教师这种主观成就愿望在实现的过程中必定受到学生实际的制约。如学生对教师的教学信息总是“各取所需”，学生之间在知识能力的发展上存在极强的不平衡，每个学生学习进程中的发展也是不稳定的。这些复杂因素的可控性都很有限，所以教师对教学成功的可能性也就难以百分之百的把握，局部的失败经常可能发生，教师的成就需要也就会经常地受到工作成功概率不确定性的威胁。 自尊挫折。教师处于为人师表的地位，因此具有特别强烈的自尊需要。为了顺利而有效地进行教学，教师都比较看重自己在学生心目中的形象与声誉，总希望得到学生的尊敬、爱戴、依赖与拥护。但这种需要的满足并不决定于教师的一厢情愿，而决定于学生对教师真心实意的敬意。但实际情况是，教师在教学中随时都可能发生“威信危机”。客观方面，学生受成见、第一印象、晕轮效应等认识偏差的消极影响，而对教师形成不确切的，甚至错误的印象；主观上，教师常因一言不慎或一事不当而引起学生情感的压抑或不满。因此在教学中，教师的自尊需要随时都可能面临学生各种消极情态的包围与挑战。 角色挫折。角色，是指人在一定的社会条件下、在群体中所处的不同地位与身份。在教学中，学生总从各自的需要出发，期望教师扮演各种不同的角色。这种角色期待分为两大类。一是权威性角色，如知识的传授者、智力裁判与教学专家、纪律纠察等；另一是心理性角色，如榜样、替罪羊（即学生消极情绪的发泄对象）、代替父母、朋友、心理医生等。一般说来，教师对与本职直接相关的权威性角色认识比较明确，容易直觉把握，而对来源于学生心理深层需求的心理性角色的认识，则往往不易理解与把握。同时，教师自身的经验、能力与个性等因素，也会影响自己完成角色任务的准确性。这样，教师的教学行为有时就与学生的角色期待脱节，甚至发生冲突。 心理挫折是人的一种主观体验与感受。心理学研究表明，一个人心理挫折的强度与他的挫折而受力相关。挫折耐受力是指人遭受挫折时维持心理平衡，免于行为态度失常的一种心理能力。一般说来，心理健康与职业觉悟高的教师挫折耐受力也强，面对困难总能不急不躁，寻求计策；反之耐受力低，则面对困难往往束手无策，悲观失望或怒气爆发。所以，挫折耐受力是教书育人不可缺少的精神力量。教师应从以下途径有目的地培养自己的挫折耐受力。 首先，树立正确的学生观。 学生观是教师对学生本质属性与基本特征的认识。在教学中，教师往往由于学生观不正确，对学生的学习态度与行为不能作出全面正确的理解，而诱发挫折感。所以，要提高挫折耐受力，教师对学生应有以下基本观念：⑴学生具有主观能动性。他们不仅根据自身的需要来筛选教师的教学信息而且还会以自己特有的思想行为反作用于教师,对教师的需要与期望造成丰富而复杂的冲击。⑵学生是发展中的个体。他们的心理具有独立与依赖、自觉与幼稚相互错综矛盾的不成熟特点，过错与反复在所难免。⑶学生的发展是不平衡的。学生之间在智力、品行方面必然存在差异，绝不可能一刀齐。教师应从这些认识出发，辩证地、发展地理解学生的学习表面，并从自己的地位、权利与义务出发，科学地预计教师教的愿望与学生学的现实之间必然存在的矛盾冲突，提高耐受挫折的心理准备性。 其次，营造积极的心境。 心境是微弱而持久的情感状态。人的心理活动在一定的心境控制下，在一段较长的时间内几乎会使所接触到的一切事物都染上与心境相关的情感色彩。教学中体质积极心境的途径有：⑴对学生的复杂情绪保持积极的态度。学生都有“向师性”，即愿意与教师接近，接受老师教导，希望获得老师的重视、关怀与鼓励。在教学中，学生由于这种心理需要的满足程度不同，会表现出各不相同的情绪来。教师应从自己的职责出发，来理解来自于学生复杂情绪的和谐性。⑵不把消极情绪带进课堂。教师在进教室之前应进行心理净化，消除杂乱的思绪，以平静开朗的姿态出现在学生面前。这样，由于情感的相互感染功能，师生都会因此而感染到理智上的兴奋与愉悦。⑶严格控制激情。激情爆发之后一般都会在心理上留下沮丧、自卑等受挫折阴影。所以教师应对学生的缺点错误取宽容态度，切忌随意冒火，摒弃“威慑统治”，实行“冷处理”。总之，教师在教学中应“卒然临之而不惊，无故加之而不怒”，自觉地做情绪的主人，以促进内心情绪的动态平衡。 第三，追求主客观的能动统一。 在教学中，教师主动进行心理调节，使主观心态与客观情境相协调，有利于提高对困难情境的抗压能力，起到缓解或消除心理挫折的作用。心理自控的主要途径有：⑴对挫折情境地作乐观的认识与判断。挫折感完全决定于主观认识，认为无所谓时挫折感就浅，认为严惩时挫折感就深。所以面临困难切忌无济于事的悲观失望，而应实事求是地分析原因，采取对策。⑵积极进行自我疏导。人在遭受心理挫折时，必定感到困扰与苦恼，对此应善于作自我排解。如一分为二看看事情的另一面，冷静地从主观上找找原因，总结一下经验教训等，都有利于挫折感的缓解与消除。⑶从实际出发调整工作目标与方式。当工作遇到障碍时，应善于把自己的主观条件与客观情境联系起来进行研究，重新调整目标与措施，使之更加切实可行。总之，退一步天广地宽，面临挫折首先应乐观坦然，满怀信心与困难作斗争，在战胜困难、实现目标的过程中消释受挫折感受。Posted by mmxxx_hxh ( Mar 30 2007, 10:56:30 AM CST ) Permalink Comments [0]
吃酸甜辣咸与性格有关 美国行为心理学家通过大量的事实研究，表明人的性格与口味有着密切的联系。 喜欢吃大米的人：经常自我陶醉，孤芳自赏；对人对事处理得体，比较通融，但互助精神差。 喜欢吃面食的人：能说会道，夸夸其谈，不考虑后果及影响；意志不坚定，做事容易丧失信心。 喜欢吃甜食的人：热情开朗平易近人，但平时有些软弱和胆小，缺乏冒险精神。 喜欢吃酸的人：有事业心，但性格孤僻，不善交际，遇事爱钻牛角尖，没有知心朋友。 喜欢吃辣的人：善于思考，有主见，吃软不吃硬，有时爱挑剔别人身上的小毛病。 喜欢吃咸味食品的人：待人接物稳重，有礼貌，做事有计划，埋头苦干，但比较轻视人与人之间的感情，有点虚伪。 喜欢吃油炸食品的人：勇于冒险，有干一番事业的愿望，但受到挫折，即灰心丧气。 喜欢吃清淡食品的人：注重交际和接近他人，希望广交朋友，不愿单枪匹马地行事。Posted by mmxxx_hxh ( Mar 30 2007, 10:55:35 AM CST ) Permalink Comments [0]
要成为一名合格的教师，应从五个方面提高自己的情商。 一、自知，就是认识自我。在市场经济条件下，教师要经得起诱惑，耐得住寂寞，甘于清贫。教师的自知之明，在于了解自己，充分认清自己选择的职业。 二、自控，即善于控制自己的情绪和欲望。教师要加强自控和自律，首先必须不断学习，用先进的理论武装自己，才能在工作中不迷失方向。其次要具备正确的人格、人品，弘扬高尚、正义、真善美的价值观念，把正直宽容、不骄不狂作为做人的准则，建立良好的师德风范。 三、自励，就是自我激励。教师要面对成功和失败的各种挑战。失败时，要敢于直面挫折的痛苦，在自我激励中发现自己的优点，发掘自己的激情，从而培养起自信、乐观、豁达、远见的情趣，发挥自己的创造性，不断给自己确定新的目标。 四、知人，即理解别人、平等待人，领悟对方的感受。教师知人，主要是理解学生，对学生有感情，努力为学生服务，永远把学生的学习放在第一位。因此，教师必须从如何使学生尽快成材的角度来全盘思考和谋划自己的工作。 五、协调，即处理好人际关系和加强组织管理。教师应加强组织管理能力，这是指：一要管理自己和自己的教学，有效地实现教学目的；二要管理学生，管其学不学、认真不认真学、会不会学等等，使每个学生在教学活动中都处于积极的心理状态。Posted by mmxxx_hxh ( Mar 30 2007, 10:54:42 AM CST ) Permalink Comments [0]
Wednesday January 10, 2007 异域风情 (26篇)
1.The Playground of Europe
Switzerland is a small country with mountains, forests and blue lakes. In winter the sun is bright, but the air is cold. People go to Switzerland for winter sports. They wear warm clothes and sunglasses. They usually stay at hotels which are in the valleys or on the side of the mountains. In the valleys, they skate on the ice of the lakes. Visitors go to Switzerland in the summer time, too. They can climb the rocky sides of the mountains or walk in the forests. They can swim in the warm lakes or go boating on them. People call Switzerland the playground of Europe.
2."Thanks" in America
It is important for Americans to thank other people for favour even if what the other people did was very small. Both children and older people should be thanked for any kind act. The person accepting the thanks usually says something to make the favour seem small, or says that it was his pleasure to help you, or simply, " You are welcome."
It is equally important to apologize when you have hurt or disappointed someone. When possible, you should always add a reasonable explanation or excuse for your behavior. When there is some loss or damage to personal property, the person responsible for the loss should both apologize and offer to pay for the item.
Most of the time the other person accepts the apology and doesn't show any disappointment or anger. But if the problem was really serious or it happened several times before, the person might say something to show how he feels.
3.Ice-cream in America
Most Americans think that ice cream is as American as baseball and apple pie. But ice cream was known long before America was discovered. The Roman emperor Nero made a kind of ice cream. He hired hundreds of men to bring snow and ice from the mountains and used it to make cold drinks. The traveler Marco Polo brought back recipes for chilled(发酵) and frozen milk from China.
Hundreds of years later, ice cream reached England. It is said that King Charles enjoyed it very much. There is a story that he bribed his cook to keep the recipe a royal(神圣) secret.
Today ice cream is known throughout the world. Americans alone eat more than two billion quarts of it a year.
4.Chopsticks
Though chopsticks are used in many Asian countries, they have their beginnings in China.
Chinese history says that the Chinese had chopsticks as far as the Xia Dynasty (about 4,000 years ago).
In the Spring and Autumn Period copper and iron chopsticks appeared. With the Han Dynasty lacquered (上漆) chopsticks came, followed by gold and silver chopsticks still later.
Today we have chopsticks made of plastics. The most expensive are made of part of tusks of elephants and hard green stone.
Chopsticks tell Chinese tradition in their own way. In ancient times the rich used hard green stone or gold chopsticks to show their wealth .In history many kings used silver chopsticks to take their food to see if it was poisonous. It was said that if it was, the silver chopsticks would turn color.
Chopsticks are traditionally given to a daughter when she marries to show that they should have a son very soon, for "chopsticks" in Chinese is pronounced like "quick a son!"
Tianzhu chopsticks from Hangzhou, wooden chopsticks from Shanyang of Shanxi Province, and Beijing's chopsticks are well-known.
Many westerners, businessmen, tourists put aside their knives and forks in favour of chopsticks in China.
Chopsticks appeared in the old Chinese stories: an old man teaches his son a lesson by showing how he can easily break a single chopstick but not a number of them.
In China chopsticks are connected with good luck. So on the country's New Year's Eve, many families will lay out new chopsticks at dinners as a way of making requests for luck.
5. Eskimoes
Do you know Eskimoes? Let me tell you something about their life.
The Eskimoes live near the North Pole. There are two seasons here: winter and summer. There are no spring or autumn there. The winter nights are long. You can't see the sun for more than two months, even at noon. The summer days are long. For more than two months the sun never goes down and there is no night. The Eskimoes have warm clothes. They make their clothes from the skins of animals. Near the North Pole trees can't grow, for it is too cold there. The Eskimoes have to make their houses from skins, stone or snow. When they go out in a storm and can't get back home, they make houses of snow. They leave these snow houses when the storm is over.
Life is hard for the Eskimoes, but they still like to live there.
6.Indians in the United States
Indians in the United States are facing with important problems. First, as group of people with their own languages and cultures, each tribe wants to keep its traditions and keep some of its native customs. The grown-ups want their children to be proud of being Indians, as well as to survive in the outside of the world. The young people want to enter the modern world, which they see on TV and in films. Like every one else, they are anxious to get a good education and a good job. However, the Indians see little prospect for success and become disappointed because they usually go to low grade schools and often cannot get used to life in the city. In addition, many Indians feel they are looked down upon, partly because they always see themselves as losers in films and history books. They have lost much of their self-confidence(自信) and pride, and they must face in order to get rid of their problems.
7. Monaco
Nearly all the tourists who come to southeast France make a tour of Monaco, too. Lying near the French Italian border, Monaco is not part of France, but a separate principality, though it is surrounded by its great neighbour.
Monaco became a principality in the 16th century after being owned by a family member of a certain Italian King. The French and the Italians, however, soon came to "protect" it one after the other until 1861, when it became its own master again.
Facing the blue Mediterranean, Monaco is mainly made up of two cities, Monaco, there the palace for the prince stands; and Montecalo, which is a wonderful place for tourists. Every year, around half a million people from all parts of the world come to Monaco, nearly 25 times as much as its own population.
Believe it or not, Monaco has no soldiers or policemen of its own. Law and order is kept by the French police, and French stand for it in its foreign affairs, even the money used in Monaco is the franc too.
8.Special Traditions in Hawaii
There are some special traditions in Hawaii. People are very friendly and always welcome visitors. They give visitors a lei, a long necklace of beautiful fresh flowers. Men wear bright flowered shirts, and women often wear long flowered dresses. There are traditional Chinese, Japanese and Philippine holidays and all the holidays from the United States. They call Hawaii the Aloha States. Aloha States means both hello and goodbye. It also means I love you.
Usually when people from different countries, races, and traditions, live together, there are serious problems. There are a few problems in Hawaii, but, in general, people have learned to live together in peace.
Hawaiians get most of their money from visitors, and most of the visitors come from the mainland and from Japan. There are so many people living in Hawaii now that there are areas where there are to be farms. Some big factories have moved to the Philippines, where they do not have to pay workers as much money.
The families of the first people who came from the U.S. mainland own the important banks and factories. Japanese are also buying or starting business.
9. Breakfast
American people have been brought up to believe that a good breakfast is one of the most important in life. Eating breakfast at the start of the day is as necessary as putting oil in the family car before starting a trip.
But for many people the thought of food first thing in the morning is by no means a pleasure. They still take no breakfast. Between 1977 and 1983, the number of people who didn't have breakfast increased from 8.8 million to 11.7 million.
For those who feel pain of guilt about not eating breakfast, however, there is some good news. Several studies in the last few years show that, for grown-ups especially, there may be nothing wrong without breakfast. “Going without breakfast does not have anything with performance,” one of the professors at Queen Elizabeth College in London said, “nor does giving people breakfast improve performance.”
Scientific evidence about breakfast to better health or better performance is surprisingly not enough, and most of the recent work involves children, not grown-ups. “The literature,” says one research, Dr. Ernesto Pollitt at the University of Texas, “is poor.”
10.The Stars and Stripes
The basic flag of the United States is one of the world's oldest national flags. Only the basic flags of Austria, Denmark, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland are older.
During the discovery and settlement of what is now the United States, the flags of different European nations were flown over the land, as signs of possession Later, in the Colonial and Revolutionary War periods, flags representing famous persons, places and events were flown in the American Colonies. The first official flag of the United States was created by Congress on June 14, 1777. It was made up of 13 alternate red and white stripes and 13 white stars in a field of blue, representing the 13 colonies that had declared their independence in 1776. Congress agreed and accepted a new flag of 15 stars and 15 stripes in 1795, to give representation to the two new states admitted into the union, Vermont and Kentucky.
By 1817,there were 20 states in the Union, and it became clear that adding one stripe for each new state would destroy the shape of the flag. As a result, Congress in 1818 again used the original design of 13 stripes and provided that each state was to be represented by one star. In 1912 President William H.T made the first official provision (规定) for the arrangement of the stars, and he ordered that there be six even rows of eight stars each. Soon the arrangement of the stars had been left to the flag-maker's imagination.
The change of the Stars and Stripes shows the growth of the United States. After the admission of Hawaii into the Union in 1959 the flag was officially changed for the 26th time since its creation.
There are many government flags flown in the United States in addition to the national flag. Among them are the president's and vice-president's flags and those of the federal departments and some federal agencies. Each state in the Union has an official flag. The United States Navy uses special flags for signaling.
11.Yankeeland
“Yankeeland” as New England is called, includes six “Yankee States” in the northeast there are Vermont , New Hampshire and Maine from west to east in turn; Massachusetts is between these and Connecticut and Rhode Island. Some people think that “Yankee” may be Dutch word “Jan” with the double “e” at the end standing for“small”. It seems certain that the word did not originate in America, for “Yankee”,“Dutch”, and other examples of the term, have been found in Britain as early as 1683. But it was in America that the word first used as a scornful name to some New England soldiers serving in the British army before the American War of Independence. When the Americans first defeated the British at Concord in 1775, they began to call themselves “Yankees”and took pride in the name. Now Yankee is often used by people abroad as a name for Americans in general, which in the country proper it is still limited to New Englanders.
12. Australia
Australia is a large island continent lying to the south of Asia, which has a various people in size, colour and origins. It is more than two hundred years old.
Its big cities lie on the southeast coast, where most Australians live. Australians prefer to have their own houses, though some live in public living houses. Australians are a suburban people. The suburbs surround the cities for many miles, and so efficient transport is of great importance.
As the economy grows, so do its industries a longer level of production, a wider range of products.
The Australian work hard, but they like relaxing themselves. The climate there makes outdoor activities the most popular.
Canberra, the capital of Australia, is a planned modern city lying in land. Australia is ruled by a parliamentary democracy. The representatives of other countries have their embassies here. Australia wants to strengthen relations with her neighbours.
Australia is a strange land, a land of large wild space rich valleys, snow fields and deserts also a land with special animals, many of which can not be found on any other continent today. Much of the continent is dry, but man has made good use of the land, made it productive, with its tools, with its technology. This is the driest continent of all, and water is a precious possession, more precious than all other natural resources. Large dams are built to collect water, which is then carried down to the plains below there to irrigate the fields of grassland and crops.
But Australia is changing. The land of wool and wheat is now a land of large scale industry and mining. The costs of developing the new mineral discoveries are very large, but the rewards are great too. Australia is a young and developing nation. Australia is a nation that wants to communicate with its neighbours.
13.Talk with the Nose
Some Indians living along the Amazon River in Latin America are in a strange habit of talking with their nose. Instead of moving their lips, they produce all sound out of the openings of their noses. They only use mouth and tongue while eating or drinking.
However, it seems that the structure of their vocal cords and oral cavity turns out to be the same as that of a normal person.
14.Auld Lang Syne
Auld Lang Syne is a Scottish song. The title of the song means in English Old days gone by. The music is an old Scottish tune and the words were originally written by the Scottish national poet, Robert Burns. This famous poet was born at Alloway, in a small cottage, which now is a Burns museum. During his short life, (1759--1796) he wrote about 300 traditional songs, both in the Scottish dialect and in standard English. This song is quite popular in Britain and also all over the world. People generally sing this song on special occasions, such as New Year's Eve. People, old and young, gather together in their homes or in the local pubs and merrily sing this song over a glass of whisky or beer.
There has been a tradition, on 25th January, for people of literary circles to celebrate the birth of this poet. That is usually known as the Robbie Burns Night.
Robert Burns gained great fame for his simple, touching and attractive poems such as "My love is Like a Red, Red Rose". It is always a great pleasure for English students to learn this poem. Burns had a great capacity for love, friendship and hearty fellowship and these attitudes provide the chief themes of his poems.
15.The Capital of the United States
When George Washington became the first President of the United States, there was no permanent capital. During the Revolutionary War seven different cities had served as the national capital. In addition, the members of Congress could not agree to where this permanent capital should be located. Some officials wanted it in the North, others wanted it in the South. Each of the states hoped that the capital might be set up within its own state lines.
At last it was decided that the capital should occupy a section by itself, separate from any of the states. The place chosen was situated on the Potomac River. The land then belonged to the state of Maryland, but Maryland agreed to give it to the national government. The section was named the District of Columbia, after Christopher Columbus. The city itself was named Washington, after George Washington.
Work was begun on the new capital in 1791. In the year 1800 Congress occupied the new Capital Building. The White House was opened at the same time as the home of all future presidents.
16. Football in England
Football is, I suppose, the most popular game in England: one has only to go to one of the important matches to see this. Rich and poor, young and old, one can see them all there, shouting and cheering for one side or the other.
One of the most surprising things about football in England to a stranger is the great knowledge of the game which even the smallest boy seems to have. He can tell you the names of the players in most of the important teams; he has photographs of them and knows the results of large numbers of matches. He will tell you, with a great air of authority, who he expects will win such and such a match, and his opinion is usually as valuable as that of men three or four times his age.
Most schools in England take football seriously—much more seriously than nearly all European schools, where lessons are all important, and games left for private arrangements. In England, it is believed that education is not only a matter of filling a boy's mind with facts in the classroom; education also means character training; and one of the best ways of training character is by means of games, especially team games, where the boys has to learn to work with others for his team, instead of working selfishly for himself alone. The school therefore arranges games and matches for its pupils. Football is a good team game; it is good exercise for the body; it needs skill and quick brain; it is popular and it is cheap; as a result it is the school's favourite game in the winter.
17. Manhattan
Manhattan, an island about thirteen miles long and two miles wide, form the basic part of New York City, from whose mainland it is separated by the Harlem river. It was discovered by Verrazane in 1524, visited by Hadson in 1609 and first taken by force as part of New Netherland by the Dutch. They gave the name Manhattan to the local Indians, and in 1626,the finished fact of its settlement was given some likeness of legality by its purchase from the Indians for sixty guilders ($24). As one of the five boroughs of New York City, the island holds the main business districts and includes Wall Street, Greenwich village, Broadway, the East Side, Harlem and Battery.
18. A British Jury
The chief town in each county, the county town in Britain has a court house, which is visited by judges several times a year.
Trial at county court, and at the Old Bailey, where prisoners accused of serious offenses are tried, are in the hands of a judge and a jury. The beginnings of the jury system can be found in the eleventh century, and it became the basis of British justice. The jury represents the people, and it is the jury, not the judge, which decides whether an accused person is guilty or not.
A British jury consists of twelve members. Any householder can be ordered to serve on a jury, and they cannot refuse unless they have a very good reason.
During a trial the jury sat in silence and listened. They were not allowed to ask questions. After hearing the summing-up of the judge and by the lawyer defending, the jury retired to the jury room locked in until they reached their verdict, or decision, which had to be guilty or not guilty.
19. Liberty Island
In the water around New York City is a very small island called Liberty Island. On Liberty Island there is a very special statue of Liberty. It is one of the most famous sights in the world.
The Statue of Liberty was a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States. The Statue was made by a French sculptor named Frederick August Bartholdi. The inner support system was designed by Gustave Liffler, the same man who made the famous Eiffel Tower in Paris.
Liberty, of course, means freedom, and the Statue of Liberty was given to the United States to celebrate the one hundredth anniversary of U S. independence from England. The Statue was built in France, taken apart piece by piece, and then rebuilt in the U.S. It was opened for the public on October 28, 1886.
As you might have expected, the Statue is very big. Visitors can ride an elevator from the ground to the bottom of the Statue. If they want to, they can then walk up the 168 steps to reach the head of the Statue where they can look out and enjoy the beautiful sight of the city of New York.
20. Buttons On Sleeves
Did you notice the buttons on the sleeves of men's jackets? There are many stories explaining how they came to be there.
One story is connected with Frederick the Great, who was King of Prussia in the 18th century. His armies fought in a great many battles, and he was often on the field of battle with his troops. One of his concerns, so the story goes, was the appearance of his soldiers. Once as he went about inspecting his troops, he became quite worried at the dirty sleeves of their uniforms. When he asked why the sleeves were dirtier than the rest of the uniforms, he was told that soldiers wiped the sweat from their faces on their sleeves.
Frederick refused to have this habit continue. So to stop it, he ordered metal buttons be sewed（缝） on the top side of all soldiers' sleeves. That way, if the men wiped their faces, using their sleeves, they would get badly scratched.
Later, these buttons were put on ordinary people's jackets as well, but only as decoration（装饰）. So if you notice buttons on your father's jacket sleeves, don't think that your mother put them there to stop him from wiping his face with them. The buttons are only for decoration!
21. A story about the State of Florida
The governor of the island of Puerto Rico was Ponce de Leon. He had come to the New World on the second voyage of Columbus. In the New World he had become rich, but he was not happy because he was growing old. The Indians told him of a rich land to the north. In this land there was a spring of water that would make him young again. In 1513, Ponce de Leon set out in search of the magic spring, the Fountain of Youth as the Indians called it. On Easter Sunday the Spanish fleet caught sight of land. They named the beautiful land Tierra Florida, which means "Land of Flowers". Ponce de Leon was the first Spaniard to visit land that is now part of the United States.
Ponce de Leon marched through Florida looking for gold and the magic spring. It is said that he bathed in every spring he could find, but he did not become young again. Not having any success, he returned to Puerto Rico. In1521he returned to Florida but was wounded in a fight with the Indians. He died in Cuba, believing that Florida was an island.
22.The International Date Line
Between Alaska and Siberia there are two islands called the Diomedes. One is Big Diomede. The other is Little Diomede. These two islands are only two miles apart. But a strange thing happens to anyone who goes from one island to the other. He goes to another day in the week!
If he goes from Big Diomede to Little Diomede he goes back to the day before. If he goes from Little Diomede to Big Diomede he jumps to the day ahead. The reason this strange thing happens is that the imaginary line called the International Date Line goes between these two islands.
It is never the same time everywhere in the world. When it is six o'clock in the evening in New York, it is only three o'clock in San Francisco. But it is midnight in London. "Later east, earlier west" is a good rule in thinking of time. But there must be a starting place. The starting place is the International Date Line.
Little Diomede is just barely east of the International Date Line. Big Diomede is just barely west of it. Suppose it is Tuesday noon on Little Diomede. There are 24 hours in a day. Every 24th of the way around the world makes an hour's difference in time. In London, halfway around the world, it is midnight on Tuesday. Halfway on around the world at Big Diomede, it is 12 hours later still. It is noon on Wednesday. So moving from one Diomede to the other means going to another day of the week.
The International Date Line runs all the way from the North Pole to the South Pole. For most of the way it is in the middle of the Pacific Ocean.
One of the ships of the explorer Magellan was the first ship to sail around the world. It took almost three years to make the journey. The sailors kept track of time carefully. The day they landed they were sure was Wednesday. But it turned out to be Thursday instead. They did not understand how they had lost a day. Of course, they had sailed west across the International Date Line.
Edgar Allan Poe once wrote a story called "Three Sundays in a Week". You could not get three whole Sundays in a week, but you could get three in eight days by sailing over the International Date Line and back.
23.The Origins Of Basketball
It is said that the origins of basketball can back to Springfield, Massachusetts, where James Naismith invented a game for those who were always cutting men's gym class to play. The young men were unable to stay still and longed for a sport that was both exciting and interesting. After thinking over how to fill this blank（空白）, Naismith snatched some peach baskets, threw them a football and told them to go and play.
And so they did, nine to a side, wearing wool pants and turtlenecks. Basketball was officially born, in a form that is hardly recognizable today.
The game that celebrated its 100th anniversary Saturday has been quite popular. Those who have watched and played and trained basketball realize Springfield's importance in their sport's history. For it was the place where the game originated.
For Larry Bird, the game of basketball was born in a small town called French Lick, Indiana, where, walking to his grandmother's house from school every day, he passed a court full of older, stronger players. Most times he was too cold and hungry to play. Most times he played anyway, until the game became his great interest and his lifeblood.
Earvin Johnson had never heard of French Lick as a child. He was sure the game of basketball was invented in East Lansing, Michigan, where, after helping his father to collect rubbish in the morning, he would seize an old plastic basketball and shake off the cold by shooting jumper after jumper. After a while, a warm feeling would come upon him, in spite of the snow.
24.Thanksgiving Day
Thanksgiving Day is always celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November. It is the most traditional American holiday .The first Thanksgiving was held in Massachusetts in 1621.After a year of great hardship, the colonist wanted to give thanks to God for their first harvest. They invited their Indian friends to join them in a big dinner. Today the holiday is still celebrated as a day for giving thanks. But it wasn't a regular national holiday until President Lincoln declared that the last Thursday in November would thereafter be Thanksgiving Day in 1863. It is a day of family reunion and it is customary to invite friends to share the meal. In some large cities, there are some important football games that are played on Thanksgiving Day.
For Americans, Thanksgiving Day is one of the few days of the year when the entire family gets together. Everyone is glad to see everyone else and there is a very busy exchange of greetings. The women soon disappear into the kitchen to help prepare the dinner. The men, meanwhile, settle down to watch a football game on television, or to discuss business or politics. If weather permits some of the more athletic men go outside to play ball with the children. Then everyone will sit down to dinner, in which traditional Thanksgiving foods such as stuffed turkey, sweet potatoes, chestnuts, and pumpkin pies are served. After dinner, people will sit around and talk.
25. How did the Calendar come into being?
In ancient Rome, a number of people lived on lending out money and collecting interests every month. In order not to make mistakes, some of them, who had much money and many debtors, used a special kind of book to record the sum of money lent out every day and the interests due. Those books used month as a unit. They also had remarks columns to show everything clearly.
Later, the simple and clear way of record-keeping had been widely used in other trades. Some changes had also been made. People began to use one page for each month and print advertisements and pictures on them for decoration. However, the previous use of the books for record keeping is no longer that important. When putting together twelve pages of a year, there came today's calendar.
26.Tea in England
Drinking tea is a main part of English people's life. In the morning, husband or wife, still in bed, may get a cup of tea brought by others before getting up. For hotel guests, the first thing they do after they wake up in the morning is to drink tea. Even in small inns, electric teapots are prepared for the customers.
Nowadays in England, every company prepares electric teapots, teacups, tea and milk for its employees. Big office-buildings and enterprises have the drinking-rooms. In places where there are no drinking-rooms, some women will be employed to prepare tea and bring it to people. China is the hometown for tea. Records about tea-planting in China date back to as early as 350 B.C. Englishman still had been drinking coffee as other Westerners up to the early 17th century. But at that time, Dutchmen first transported tea to Europe from China. It came into England as many as 50 years later. East Indian Company at that time did tea business on large scale and acted as an important role in making the tea known to the public.
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( Jan 10 2007, 11:35:58 PM CST )
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正式和非正式英语的一些表达形式 语言是交际的工具，为了达到更好的交际目的，人们根据情景和交际的目的选择不同的文体。正式语言和非正式语言的运用是交际中重要的文体形式。同样在英语中正式英语用于比较严肃的场合，而非正式的英语用于比较随便的场合。下面是一些正式英语和非正式英语的形式。 1. 状语 1) 时间，原因和条件状语可以用非谓语动词的形式，也可以用状语从句的形式，一般的说，非谓语动词形式比状语从句形式正式。 Being (As he was) a farmer, he had to get up early. Weather permitting (If weather permits), we shall go. 2)方式和程度状语可用介词短语，也可以用副词表示，一般说，介词短语比副词正式。 He spoke in a confident way / with confidence. (confidently) 3) 英语中用一些副词有两种形式，一种是-ly形式，一种是同形容词的形式相同，一般说，前者比后者正式。 I'll get back as quickly (quick) as I can. He read loudly (loud). I guessed rightly (right). 4) 让步状语从句 `how (who, when, what) ever' 的形式比 no matter how (who, when, what) 的形式正式。 However (No matter how) difficult the work may be, I shall finish it. 2. 代词 I. 关系代词 1) 定语从句中作宾语的关系词`Whom' 比 `who'正式。 He is the person whom (who) I met the other day. 2) 在定语从句中作主语和宾语的关系词`Who' `whom' and `which'比 `that' 正式。 He is the person who (that) is well-known all over the country. This is the book which (that) I bought yesterday. I know the person whom (that) you spoke to. 3) 指时间和地点的从句 `Prep + which' 比 `when' and `where' 从句正式。 This is the place in which (where ) I worked. That is the day on which (when) I came. II. 人称代词 1) 通常在比较级中主格比宾格正式。 He is taller than I (me). Who is there ? It is I.(me) 2) 在动名词前，所属格比主格正式。 Do you mind my (me) smoking? I am surprised at his (him) making that mistake. 3) 单数人称代词比复数正式。 Everyone should do his (their) duty. Give me (us) a kiss, darling. Everyone thinks he knows (they know) the answer. 4) 指作者本人用 `We' 比 `I' 正式。 As we (I) showed in Chapter One, it is not an easy question. 5) 泛指人时，`One' 比 `you' 正式。 One (You) never knows what may happen. 6) 在复合句中，主句和从句中的主语出现名词和代词时，主句中用名词比用人称代词正式。 The plane took off as soon as it had refueled. (It took off as soon as the plane had refueled.) III. 指示代词 1) 当`This' 和 `that'都是后指时，'that' 比 `this' 正式。 That (This) is what I thought. 2.)`that / those' 作为先行词比名词正式。 Those flowers are better than those which (the flowers) we planted last year. 3. 主谓一致 1) 单数比复数正式。 None / Neither of them has (have) arrived yet. 2) 复数比单数正式。 If I were (was) you I would do that. Neither his wife nor his child have (has) arrived. There are (is) hundreds of people outside. 3) 和kind 连用的名词单数比复数正式。 This kind of dog (These kinds of dogs are) is easy to train. I like most kind of cat (cats). 4. 倒装句比不倒装句正式。 Had I known it (If I had known it) I would have told you. Hardly have I seen this. (I have hardly seen this.) Away went the car (The car went away) like a whirl wind. Under no circumstances must the door be left unlocked. (The door must be left unlocked under no circumstances.) Most of the problems a computer could solve easily. (A computer could solve most of the problems easily.) 5. 不省略的形式比省略的形式正式。 I know that he is a famous writer. He is a person whom I have known for several years. I spent all the week in writing my paper. I saw her on the day after her birthday. We are going to visit China in the following spring. You can borrow my pen if you want to borrow. He suggested that we should come early. 6. 介词前提比介词结尾的句子正式。 He is a person on whom we can rely (whom we can rely on). With what did he write it? (What did he write it with?) 7. 情态动词 1) 用于请求时，`May' 比 `can' 正式。 May (Can) I use your bike? 2) 用于请求时，`Would' 和 `Could' 比 `will' 和 `can' 正式。 Would / Could ( Will / Can) you like to give a speech? 8. 泛指时定冠词比名词复数正式。 The horse is a very useful animal. (Horses are very useful animals.) 9. 从句比不定式的形式正式。 It is important that we should do it (for us to do it). It seems that he is a teacher. (He seems to be a teacher.) 10. 其它的一些句子。 1) If you come early, you will see him. (Come early and you will see him.) 2) I shall try and do it. (I shall try to do it.) 3) He is so young that he can not dress himself. (He is too young to dress himself.) 4) It is so beautiful a city. (It is such a beautiful city.) 5) Haven't you heard the news? (Have you not heard the news?) 6) To my surprise, I hear the news. ( I'm surprised to hear the news.) 7) We starts for Beijing tonight. (We are starting for Beijing tonight.) 8) To begin with, (First ) we must consider this thoroughly. 9) I go to see my old friend occasionally (now and then). 10) I am hence (therefore) unable to help you. 11) By the way, (Incidentally) do you know something about this? 12) I was ill therefore (so) I could not come. 13) Ultimately (Finally) I shall say a few words about it. 14) He spoke loudly in order that (so that) every one could hear him. 15) You should work hard even though (even if) you have made great progress. 16) They asked me whether (if) they would come. 17) He still works hard although (though) he is old. 18) He took his umbrella lest (for fear that ) it should rain. 19) Don't come otherwise (or) I shall fire. 20) He failed to go there on account of (because of ) the rain. 21) He works hard despite (in spite of) his old age. 22) In my opinion (I think) he is not correct. 23) He got up early in order to (so as to) have more time to study. 24) Many (lots of) people get much ( a lot of ) pleasure from music. 25) He has little (not much) money and few (not many) friends. 26) I fear (am afraid) that he will not come. 27) I have to (have got to ) see my friend. 28) The majority ( Most) of the passengers were rescued. 29) Phone me again within (in) a weak. 30) What on earth (in the hell) are you doing?Posted by mmxxx_hxh ( Jan 10 2007, 11:07:47 PM CST ) Permalink Comments [0]
How To Learn English! How To Learn English! Here are some tips which may help you to master the English Language! 1. Speak without Fear. The biggest problem most people face in learning a new language is their own fear. They worry that they won’t say things correctly or that they will look stupid so they don’t talk at all. Don’t do this. The fastest way to learn anything is to do it – again and again until you get it right. Like anything, learning English requires practice. Don’t let a little fear stop you from getting what you want. 2. Use all of your Resources. Even if you study English at a language school it doesn’t mean you can’t learn outside of class. Using as many different sources, methods and tools as possible, will allow you to learn faster. There are many different ways you can improve your English, so don’t limit yourself to only one or two. The Internet is a fantastic resource for virtually anything, but for the language learner it's perfect. 3. Surround Yourself with English. The absolute best way to learn English is to surround yourself with it. Take notes in English, put English books around your room, listen to English language radio broadcasts, watch English news, movies and television. Speak English with your friends whenever you can. The more English material that you have around you, the faster you will learn and the more likely it is that you will begin “thinking in English.” 4. Listen to Native Speakers as Much as Possible. There are some good English teachers that have had to learn English as a second language before they could teach it. However, there are several reasons why many of the best schools prefer to hire native English speakers. One of the reasons is that native speakers have a natural flow to their speech that students of English should try to imitate. The closer ESL / EFL students can get to this rhythm or flow, the more convincing and comfortable they will become. 5. Watch English Films and Television. This is not only a fun way to learn but it is also very effective. By watching English films (especially those with English subtitles) you can expand your vocabulary and hear the flow of speech from the actors. If you listen to the news you can also hear different accents. 6. Listen to English Music. Music can be a very effective method of learning English. In fact, it is often used as a way of improving comprehension. The best way to learn though, is to get the lyrics (words) to the songs you are listening to and try to read them as the artist sings. There are several good Internet sites where one can find the words for most songs. This way you can practice your listening and reading at the same time. And if you like to sing, fine. 7. Study As Often As Possible! Only by studying things like grammar and vocabulary and doing exercises, can you really improve your knowledge of any language. 8. Do Exercises and Take Tests. Many people think that exercises and tests aren't much fun. However, by completing exercises and taking tests you can really improve your English. One of the best reasons for doing lots of exercises and tests is that they give you a benchmark to compare your future results with. Often, it is by comparing your score on a test you took yesterday with one you took a month or six months ago that you realize just how much you have learned. If you never test yourself, you will never know how much you are progressing. Start now by doing some of the many exercises and tests on this site, and return in a few days to see what you've learned. Keep doing this and you really will make some progress with English. 9. Record Yourself. Nobody likes to hear their own voice on tape but like tests, it is good to compare your tapes from time to time. You may be so impressed with the progress you are making that you may not mind the sound of your voice as much. 10. Listen to English. By this, we mean, speak on the phone or listen to radio broadcasts, audiobooks or CDs in English. This is different than watching the television or films because you can’t see the person that is speaking to you. Many learners of English say that speaking on the phone is one of the most difficult things that they do and the only way to improve is to practice. 11. Finally, have fun!Posted by mmxxx_hxh ( Jan 10 2007, 10:47:19 PM CST ) Permalink Comments [0]
How to love learning English I 怎样喜爱学习英语 (一) Improving your motivation Before you start reading, you should know this: Learning English requires action. You may know all the learning tips, but if you don't start doing things, you will achieve nothing. Therefore our method is not just for reading; it is for reading and doing. You need two things to learn English well — passion and effective learning methods — and passion is the more important one. Why? Because passion makes you want to learn English; the learning methods only tell you how to do it faster. If you love learning English: You will do it regularly and spend more time on it. Learning English will be easier for you. It will be easy for you to remember new words and grammar structures. It's because the brain easily remembers information on a subject that you like. (For example, some people like history and know everything about World War II. If you told a "normal person" to memorize all these facts, they would never do it.) We know you may not love learning English. And even if you love it, you will sometimes not want to do it. This is how human psychology works — sometimes we are so lazy, bored, and tired that we don't want to do even the things that we like. Here is what you can do when you don't feel like learning English: Imagine yourself in the future Imagine you can talk to native speakers just like you talk in your first language. Imagine other people wanting to speak English as well as you do. Imagine the possibility of writing e-mail to people from all over the world. You should know that it is possible to learn English really well. Just look at other people who have done Remember that you are already good You already know some English (you're reading an article in English right now). That's a big success! Now it's time for more successes. Time to start using powerful methods of effective learning. Time to gain an impressive knowledge of English. Remember there is a lot that you don't know You are good, but your English probably isn't perfect. You probably can't understand English-language TV, read books in English, talk to native speakers easily, write letters without mistakes, etc. You should never think your English is perfect. Even if you are the best student in your class, always try to find your weak areas and work on them. When you've learned to speak English well, your problems will be quite small: punctuation, rarely used grammar structures, rare words, understanding "street language". Right now, your problems are probably more basic: mistakes in pronunciation, small vocabulary, grammar problems with the present perfect tense and conditional structures. Use your English whenever you can This is very, very important. The more you use English, the more you will want to learn it. Because English is so popular, you can use it everywhere. You can use Yahoo to find English-language websites with interesting information, you can watch American cartoons, you can play adventure games on your computer, you can read interesting books in English, or you can do other things that we write about. If you do these things, you will not only have fun and learn English. If you see that a new English word lets you understand your favorite TV show (or communicate with people, or beat a computer game), you will want to learn more words. So you will learn English more, use it more, learn it more, use it more... If you also use effective learning methods, your English will grow faster than you can imagine. 译文： 怎样喜爱学习英语 I 提高你学习英语的动力 在你开始阅读以前，你应该知道这个：学习英语要求行动。你会知道所有学习的技巧，但是如果你没有开始做事情，你不会有成绩的。因此我们的方法是不要仅仅为了阅读，而是为了阅读和行动。 你需要学习好两件事情--热情和有效的学习方法---而且热情是更重要的。为什么？因为热情使你想要学习英语；学习方法只是告诉你怎样做得更快。 如果你喜爱学习英语：你将会定期地学习，并且花更多的时间在它上面。 学习英语对你来说会更容易。对你来说很容易记住新单词和语法结构。因为大脑容易记着关于你喜欢的某一主题的信息。（例如：有些人喜欢历史，并且知道关于第二次世界大战得所有的事情。如果你告诉你一个“正常的人”去记住所有的这些事实，他们决不会做到。）我们知道你也许不喜爱学习英语。而且即使你喜爱它，有时候你不想学习。这个就是人类心理状态怎样工作--有时候我们是如此得懒惰，无聊，厌倦以至于甚至是我们喜欢的事情我们也不想做。当你不想学习英语的时候，你可以做什么。 设想你自己在未来 设想你能象你用你的第一语言谈话那样和说母语的人交谈。设想其他的人们想要说英语说地和你一样好。设想给来自世界各地的人写电子邮件的可能性。 你应该知道真正学习好英语是有可能的。只要看看其他已经做到的人。 记住你已经是好样的了 你已经知道有些英语（你正在阅读用英语写的文章）。那就是很大的成功！现在是为了更多的成功的时候了。是时间开始使用强力有效的学习方法的时候了。是时间获得一种给人深刻印象的英语知识的时候了。 记住有许多你不懂得的地方 你是好样的，但是你的英语大概不是熟练的。你大概不能理解英语电视，阅读英语书籍，轻松地和说母语的人们交谈，写信没有错误，等等。 你应该从不认为你的英语是熟练的。即使你在你的班级里面是最好的学生，总是试着去发现你的薄弱区域，继续学习它们。当你已经学习到熟练地说英语，你的问题会变得相当小：标点，很少用的语法结构，不常用的单词，理解“街头英语”。现在，你的问题大概更基础：发音上的错误，小词汇量，现在完成时的和条件句的结构的语法问题。 在你能使用英语的任何时候使用英语 这个是非常，非常重要。你使用英语越多，你就会越想要学习它。 因为英语是如此的流行，你能使用英语在任何地方。你能使用雅虎来找到有令人感兴趣的信息的英语网站，你能看美国动画片，你能在你的电脑上玩冒险游戏，你能阅读有趣的英语书籍，或者你能做我们描述的其他事情。 如果你做这些事情，你将不只会拥有乐趣和学习英语。如果你看到一个新的英语单词让你明白你喜欢的电视节目（或者和其他人交流，或者赢得一场电脑游戏），你会想要学习更多的单词.因此你学习的英语越多，使用它越多，学习越多，使用的越多......如果你也使用有效的学习方法，你的英语将会比你能想象的提高得更快。 How to love learning English II 怎样喜爱学习英语（二） Talk to people about English This is a very simple method, but it is very effective. Here's how it works: You usually talk about things which interest you. But the opposite is true, too. If you start talking about a boring subject, you will begin to get interested in it. Imagine you are studying a subject that you hate. You are bored and tired, but you have to pass the test tomorrow. If there are people near you, you have two options: you can tell everybody how much you are suffering or you can tell those people about the things you've learned. If you choose the first option, you will only feel worse. If you choose the second option, and start a conversation on the "boring" subject, you will begin to look at it in a totally different way. Suddenly it will become a subject worth talking about — therefore, an interesting subject. How can you begin such a conversation? If you're studying English, you can surprise another person by talking to him/her in English. Say (in English): Hi, I'm studying English and I hate it. Or you can say (in your first language): Hey, I've learned 50 English words today. Do you know what's the English word for ...? If there are no people near you, you can telephone or send an e-mail message to your friend. What will your friends say? Probably they won't be very interested, but it doesn't matter! The important thing is this: After talking about English, you will study it with much more passion. Try it. Find a friend who is learning English If you can find a friend who is learning English and is on a similar level of skill, you will be in an excellent situation: you will have someone to talk about English with. These conversations will increase your interest in English, as explained in the previous section. Learning English will be easier, because you will be able to discuss your problems with your friend. You will study English more, because you will want to be better than your friend. :-) You should meet your friend regularly. Ideally, he/she should live near you, or go to the same school as you. If you absolutely can't find anybody willing to learn English with you, you can try to find somebody by e-mail. This is a worse solution: your conversations will probably be less frequent, and it is difficult to compete with someone who you don't know well. Spend some money on learning English If you spend your money on something, you will want to use it. For example, if you buy an expensive tennis racket, you will probably go out and play tennis every day. This rule is also true for learning English. If you want to increase your desire to learn English, buy a new dictionary, a new SuperMemo collection, an interesting English-language book, English-language cable TV, etc. The idea is simple: You paid for it, so you will want to use it, and you will improve your English. There is a problem with this method. It only works for a short time. You usually lose your desire to learn English after a few days. To keep learning, you would have to buy something every week! However, this method is helpful, because it gives you an impulse to start learning. For example, if you buy a dictionary of phrasal verbs, you will probably learn some words from it. Then you should try to use them. For example, write an e-mail message with these words. This will increase your motivation (as explained before), and you will learn more. Remember that learning English requires action We have said this many times. One small action is more powerful than reading hundreds of articles. Yes, we know it is very hard to do things, even if they are good for us. We humans are lazy creatures. That is why not many people speak English well. Still, we hope you can do the things we talk about in our English learning method — not only read about them. You will be successful only if you change something about your life. Don't put it off. Begin now. 译文： 怎样喜爱学习英语 II 和人们谈论英语 这个是一个非常简单的方法，但是它是非常有效的。这里谈谈怎样实行：你通常谈论使你感兴趣的事情。但是反过来也是正确的。如果你开始谈论一个令人厌倦的话题，你将开始对它感兴趣。设想你是正在学习你讨厌的学科。你感到无趣和疲倦的，但是你必须通过明天的考试。如果有人靠近你，你有2种选择：你可以告诉每一个人你遭受多么大的痛苦或者你可以告诉那些人你已经学到的东西。如果你选择了第一种，你会只感到更糟。 如果你选择了第二种，并且开始了关于“无趣的”题目的谈话，你会开始用一种完全不同的方法看它。突然，它将成为值得讨论的话题，因此成为一个有趣的话题。你怎样开始这样的话题？如果你正在学习英语，你能通过和他/她谈论英语而使他们惊奇。说（用英语）：嗨，我正在学习英语，我恨它。或者你可以说（用你的母语）：嘿，我今天已经学了50个英语单词。你知道...的英文单词是什么吗？如果没有人在你的附近，你可以打电话或者发送电子邮件给你的朋友。你的朋友会说什么？他们可能不会非常感兴趣，但是没有关系！重要的事是：在谈论英语以后，你会用更加多的热情来学习它。尝试它。 找一个学习英语的朋友 如果你能够找到一个正在学习英语的朋友，并且能力水平相近，那么你能处在一个良好的环境中：你有人谈论英语。就象前面部分说明过的，这些谈话会增加你在英语方面的兴趣。学习英语会更容易，因为你能够和你的朋友讨论问题。你会学习英语更多，因为你会想比你的朋友（的英语）更好。:-) 你应该定期和你的朋友会面。理想的话，他/她应该住在你的附近，或者和你上同一所学校。如果你完全找不到任何想和你一起学习英语的人，你可以试着通过电子邮件找到一些人。这是一个更糟糕的解决方法：你的会话大概不会很频繁，而且和你不是很熟悉的人竞争是困难的。 花一些钱在学习英语上面 如果你花钱在某些事物上面，你会想要利用它。例如，如果你买了一个昂贵的网球拍，你大概会每天出去打网球。 这个准则也适用于学习英语。如果你想要增加你学习英语的愿望，买一本新辞典，一套新的SuperMemo集合，一本有趣的英文书籍，英语有线电视，等等。这个想法是简单的：你为它付了钱，因此你会想使用它，你会提高你的英语。 这个方法有一个问题。它只会作用一小段时间。你通常会在几天以后失去学习英语的愿望。 为了继续学习，你要每个星期买一些（学习英语的）东西！然而，这个方法是有帮助的，因为它给了你一种开始学习英语的冲动。例如，如果你买了一本短语动词辞典，你大概会从它那里学习一些单词。然后你应该尝试去使用它们。例如，用这些单词写一封电子邮件。这将会增加你的动力（就象前面说明的），你会学到更多。 记住学习英语需要行动 我们已经说过这点许多次了。 一次很小的行动比阅读上百篇的文章更有力。是的，我们知道很难去做某些事情，即使它们对我们是有益的。我们人类是懒惰的生物。这就是为什么许多人英语说得不好。 尽管如此，我们希望你能做到我们在我们的英语学习方法中谈到的事情，而不是仅仅阅读它们。只有你改变有关你生活的某些方面，你才会成功的。 How to love learning English III 怎样喜爱学习英语(三) What is necessary to learn English well? Learning English requires action. You may know all the learning tips, but if you don't start doing things, you will achieve nothing. The fact is, if you want to learn to speak English well, you must change your life. Here are some examples of things you will have to do: 1. read a book in English for an hour every day, analyzing the grammar in sentences and looking up words in an English dictionary 2. listen to an audiobook or other recording in English, stopping it frequently, trying to understand what is being said, and trying to imitate the speaker's pronunciation 3. spend your afternoon practicing the pronunciation of the English "r" sound 4. carefully write an e-mail message in English, using a dictionary or a Web search every 20 seconds to make sure every word is correct, and taking 5 minutes to write one sentence 5. think about an English sentence you've read, wondering if it could say "a" instead of "the" in the sentence, and trying to find similar sentences on the Web to find out the answer 6. walk down the street and build simple English sentences in your head (talking to yourself in English about the things you see around you) What kind of person would do all these crazy things? Only one kind. The kind of person who enjoys doing them. If you want to learn to speak English well, you're going to have to become that person. You cannot hate doing these things. Have you ever heard of a person who became successful by doing something he hated? The problem with learning and teaching English as a foreign language is that all English learners want to speak English well; however, most learners don't want to spend time on learning English on their own. (Which is probably why they sign up for English classes and hope their teacher will force knowledge into their heads.) This lack of motivation means that learners basically don't spend their own time on learning English, and if they do, they don't do it regularly. For example, a typical learner might study English phrasal verbs for 12 hours before an English exam. However, he will not read a book in English for 30 minutes every day. He just doesn't feel that learning English is pleasant enough, so he will only do it if he has to. The problem is that a huge one-time effort gives you nothing, while small, everyday activities will give you a lot. If you are one of those learners and don't feel like practicing the pronunciation of the "r" sound or thinking about English sentences every day, we have news for you: You're going to have to make yourself want to do these things. In other words, you'll have to work on your motivation. Fortunately, there are proven techniques to help you with that. 译文： 怎样喜爱学习英语 III 学好英语的必要因素 学习英语需要行动。你也许知道所有的学习技巧，但是如果你不开始去做，你就会什么也学不到。其实，如果你想学好说英语，就必须改变你的生活习惯。这里有一些你将要必须做的事例。 1. 每天读一个小时的英文版的书籍，分析句子中的语法并用英语词典查生词 2. 听一本配有音频书籍或者其他英文录音材料，多按停止健，努力理解所说的内容，并且努力模仿朗读者的发音 3. 利用你下午的时间练习带“r”音的英语的发音 4. 仔细地用英文写一封电子邮件，每20秒使用一本词典或是网络搜寻器以确保每个单词的正确性，然后用5分钟的时间写一个句子 5. 回想你读过的一个英文句子，考虑在句子中是否可以用“a”代替“the”，并且试图在网上找出相似的句子来得到答案 6. 在街上漫步时在你的头脑中建立简单的英语句子 什么样的人能够做所有这些狂热的事情？只有一种人：喜欢做这些事的人。如果你想学习说好英语，你将必须成为那种人。你不能厌恶做这些事情。你听说过有人通过做他讨厌的事情而取得成功的吗？ 将英语作为一种外国语言进行学习和教学会产生这样的问题，即所有的英语学习者都想说好英语；然而，大多数的学习者不想在学习英语上花费自己的时间。（这很有可能就是为什么他们参加了英语辅导班并希望老师会将知识强迫性地灌输他们地脑中去。） 这种动机的缺乏意味着学习者们基本上不能在学习英语上花费他们自己的时间，即使他们做到了，他们也不会有规律地去做。例如，一个典型的学习者在一次英语考试之前也许会学习12个小时的英语常用动词。但是，他不会每天花30分钟的时间去读一本英文书。他认为对学习英语不够有趣，因此，只有当他必须做的时候才会那样去做。 如果你是这些学习者中的一员并且不喜欢练习带“r”音的英语的发音或者每天都回想回想英语句子，我们有消息给你：你将要必须使得你自己愿意做这些事情。换句话说，你必须要带着动机去学习。幸运的是，有已经被证明了的技术会来帮助你。 How to love learning English IV 怎样喜爱学习英语(四) Typical learner vs. motivated learner Paula is a typical learner of English with a generally low level of motivation. She has occasional moments of high motivation - like the day before her English test or that time when she couldn't communicate with a foreign customer who called her at work. These kind of situations make her think "I've got to do something about my English!". However, they happen very rarely - less than once a month. So even if she studies quite intensively (e.g. for two whole days before an exam), the results are poor, because she forgets 90% of the things she learned within a month. This is no surprise: The way human memory works, you need to review things all the time; otherwise you just forget them. Now let's look at a different English learner: Judy. Judy reads a special novel for English learners (written in simplified English) almost every day for 30 minutes. She bought an English-English dictionary and uses it to look up English words whenever she doesn't understand a sentence in her book. It was hard to study regularly at the beginning: Reading books and using a dictionary were not "normal activities" for her. And every English sentence was a challenge. But now, after only two weeks, she can read much faster. While reading, she often sees words that she has learned in the past two weeks. When she recognizes such a word, she doesn't have to look it up in a dictionary and she knows she has made good progress. Judy feels she has learned a lot of English recently, and she is eager to learn more. Every day, she looks forward to reading her book. The book gives her the chance to use what she has learned (enjoy her progress) and to learn even more. Because she reads regularly, she forgets little and her vocabulary keeps growing. Judy is on the right track. She will soon be able to read English-language newspapers and other resources written for native speakers. Enjoyment leads to better memory If you enjoy learning English, you will spend more time on it, and you will do it regularly. A high level of motivation will also give you another advantage. It will be easier for you to memorize new words and grammar structures. The reason is that the brain easily remembers information on a subject that you like. (For example, some people like history and know everything about World War II. If you told a "normal person" to memorize all these facts, they could never do it.) So enjoyment of learning gives you double benefits. 译文： 怎样喜爱学习英语 IV 典型学习者与有动机学习者的比较 保拉是一个典型的通常动机不足的英语学习者。她偶尔会有动机较高的时候--比如在她英语考试的前一天或是当她不能与一位工作时打电话给她的外国客户打交道时。这些情况让她认为：“我要为学习英语而努力！”然而，她却很少能做到－平均一个月还不到一次。所以即使非常集中地学习（例如：在考试前复习整整两天的时间），结果很不理想，因为她忘掉了一个月之内所学习的百分之九十的东西。这没有什么值得奇怪的：人类记忆的工作方式是你需要不断地温习所学的东西；否则，你就会把它们忘掉。 现在让我们看一个与保拉不同的英语学习者：朱蒂。朱蒂在读一本适合于英语学习者用的故事书（用简单英语书写的），她几乎每天都要读30分钟。她买了一本英文双解字典，每当她读这本书遇到了不懂的句子时，她就会用字典查找英文单词。一开始很难做到有规律地学习：读书并使用字典对于她来说不是一个“平常的行为”，每一个英语句子对于她来说都是一种挑战。 但是现在，仅仅两周以后，她能够读得更快了。在阅读的过程中，她经常看自己在前两周里学过的单词。当她认识如此一个单词后，她就不必再去查字典，她也会意识到自己有了很大的进步。朱蒂感觉到她最近学了不少的英语，并且她迫不及待地想学更多的东西。她每天都想读书。书给了她使用所学东西的机会（品尝着自己的成就感），甚至去学更多的东西。由于她有规律地阅读，她很少忘记学过地东西，而且她的词汇量也在不断扩大。 朱蒂应用了正确的方法。她将很快就能够读英文报纸和其它一些为以英语为母语的人写的材料。 快乐带来好的记忆 如果你喜欢学习英语，你就会在上面花费很多的时间，你也会有规律地去做。高度的动机还将给你带来另一个好处：记住新的单词和语法结构对于你来说会更容易些。原因就是大脑很容易记住关于你喜欢的话题的信息。（例如：有些人喜欢历史并且知道关于第二次世界大战的每一件事。如果你让一个平常的人记住所有这些事实，他们总也做不倒。）因此，学习的乐趣给你带来了双倍的好处。 How to love learning English 怎样喜爱学习英语 (五) Improving your motivation for learning English In this article, we share our techniques for improving your motivation for learning English as a foreign language. We used them all the time when we were learning English and we still use them when we need to boost our motivation in areas other than English. Imagine yourself in the future Imagine you can talk to native speakers just like you talk in your first language. Imagine other people wanting to speak English as well as you do. Imagine the possibility of writing e-mail to people from all over the world. It is helpful to read an article about the advantages of knowing English well. You should know that it is possible to learn English really well. Just look at other people who have done it. Remember that you are already good You already know some English (you're reading an article in English right now). That's a big success! Now it's time for more successes. Time to start using powerful methods of effective learning. Time to gain an impressive knowledge of English. Remember there is a lot that you don't know You are good, but your English probably isn't perfect. You probably can't understand English-language TV, read books in English, talk to native speakers easily, write letters without mistakes, etc. You should never think your English is perfect. Even if you are the best student in your class, always try to find your weak areas and work on them. When you've learned to speak English well, your problems will be quite small: punctuation, rarely used grammar structures, rare words, understanding "street language". Right now, your problems are probably more basic: mistakes in pronunciation, small vocabulary, grammar problems with the present perfect tense and conditional structures. Use your English whenever you can This is very, very important. The more you use English, the more you will want to learn it. Because English is so popular, you can use it everywhere. You can use Google to find English-language websites with interesting information, you can watch American cartoons, you can play adventure games on your computer, you can read interesting books in English, or you can do other things that we write about. If you do these things, you will not only have fun and learn English. If you see that a new English word lets you understand your favorite TV show (or communicate with people, or beat a computer game), you will want to learn more words. So you will learn English more, use it more, learn it more, use it more... If you also use effective learning methods, your English will grow faster than you can imagine. 译文：怎样喜爱学习英语 V 提高你学习英语的动机 在这篇文章中，我们来分享一下如何提高将英语作为一门外语来学习的动机的方法。当我们学习英语的时候，我们一直在使用这些方法，而且当我们需要提高除英语以外其它领域的学习动机时，我们也使用着这些方法。 想象未来的你 想象你可以与以英语为本土语言的人谈话就如同与别人说自己的母语一样。想象其他人就像你一样也想用英语谈话。想象给世界各地的人写电子邮件的可能性。 读一篇关于对英语有很好的了解的优势的文章是很有帮助的。你应该知道真正地学好英语是可能的。可以看看其他曾经这样做的人。 记住你自己已经很好了 你已经了解了一些英语了（你现在就在读一篇英文文章）。这是个很大的成功！现在是获得更大成功的时候了！是开始使用有效的学习方法的时候了。是获得给人印象深刻的英语知识的时间了。 记住你还有很多不懂的东西 你现在很不错，但是你的英语很有可能达不到非常出色的程度。你很可能还听不懂英语电视节目，读不懂英语书，不能很容易地与以英语为母语的人谈话，不能没有丝毫错误地写英文信，等等。 你应该永远也不要认为你的英语非常出色。即使你是班里最好的学生，也要经常努力去发现你的弱势并且多下功夫。当你已经学说英语并且成绩不错时，你的问题就小多了：标点符号，很少被使用的语法结构，不常见的单词，理解“街道语言”，现在，你的问题很可能就更基础了：发音上的错误，小的词汇量，带有现在完成时和条件结构从句的语法问题。 只要你能就尽量用英语 这是非常，非常重要的。你使用的英语越多，你就会越想学习英语。 因为英语是如此流行，你在任何地方都可以使用它。你可以使用Google（一个网站的搜索引擎）去搜索那些有有趣信息的英语网站，你可以看美国卡通，你可以用电脑玩冒险游戏，你可以读有趣的英文书，或者你还可以做其他我们所涉及到的事情。 如果你做这些事，你将不仅仅获得乐趣和对英语的学习。如果你发现一个新的英文单词使你理解了你最下的电视节目（或者是与人们交往，或者是玩一个电脑游戏），你就会想学到更多的单词。因此你将要学习更多的英语，更多地使用英语，再更多地学习它，再更多地使用它……如果你还使用有效的学习方法，你的英语水平将会进步很快，甚至超乎你的想象。Posted by mmxxx_hxh ( Jan 10 2007, 10:46:19 PM CST ) Permalink Comments [0]
“自言自语法” 有效提高你的英语口语能力
本文讲述了“自言自语法”在提高学生英语口语能力中的重要性及如何巧用“自言自语法”， 并在调查分析的基础上进一步提出了“自言自语法”确是一种能有效提高学生英语口语能力且普遍运用的英语口语训练方法。
大学英语课程的教学目的之一是培养学生的知识能力和用英语进行口头交流的能力。作为一种教学手段，口语训练是培养阅读和写作能力, 学习语音、语法和词汇的重要方法。一般来说，衡量一个人英语口头表达能力主要看以下几个方面：
（1） 语言的准确性（accuracy）和得体性（appropriateness）；
（2）语音（pronunciation）、语调（intonation）是否正确，口齿是否清楚；
（3）话语组织（discourse management）是否合理；
（4）口语表达的流利程度（fluency）；
（5）语法（grammar）是否正确，用词是否恰当，语言是否符合英语表达习惯。
这些是衡量英语会话能力的主要标准，针对这些标准，要提高英语口头表达能力，就要采取相应的训练方法，方法恰当了，就能起到事半功倍的效果。
一、何谓“自言自语法”？
“自言自语法”，即以自己跟自己交流的方式，促成英语口语能力提高之方法。它不受时间及其他交流因素的限制，只要有一个属于你的空间，自己对着自己用英语讲就可以了，此方法是正常课堂英语口语训练的有益补充。
二、如何巧用“自言自语法”进行英语口语训练？
1、自主创造语言环境
“自言自语法”练习中，你可以随心所欲地创造语言环境。在自己的房间里，没有人会笑话你，尽可以大胆他说。你可以在散步时说给风儿，说给花草树木；你可以在欣赏影片时跟着主人公倾诉喜怒哀乐；你可以在睡前或一觉醒来时说说自己的憧憬，描绘自己的梦境。总之，你可以在任何时候、任何地方采取适当的语速和音调，随心所欲他说。
2、善于模仿
采用“自言自语法”提高自己的英语口语能力要学会模仿。模仿的原则：一要大声模仿。这一点很重要，模仿时要大大方方，清清楚楚，一板一眼，口型要到位，不能扭扭捏捏、小声小气地在嗓子眼里嘟嚷。二要仔细模仿。优美的语音、语调不是短期模仿所能达到的，对于有英国英语基础的人学说美国英语也是如此，对于习惯于说汉语的人学说英语则更是如此。此外，模仿时还要有耐心，有信心，有恒心，不能有任何松劲畏难情绪，要相信自己完全有能力模仿得更好。
3、及时复述
复述方法有二：一是阅读后复述。阅读后复述就是在阅读完一段文章或一篇文章后，用自己的语言采用“自言自语”的方式来表达文中的内容。你可以在复述时使用文中的某些内容，但应尽量避免完全背诵；你也可以在复述时使用文中出现的关键词或部分句型，作为复述的线索，帮助自己较完整地复述所读材料。二是听磁带或看影片后复述。这种方法既练听力，又练口语表达能力，采用此种方法训练时，最好使用磁带或影片中的原话来复述，这样可以较准确地矫正自己的语音和语调，体味地道的英语口语。在说的过程中，应尽量避免出现语法错误。刚开始练习时，因语言表达能力、技巧等方面的原因，往往复述接近于背诵，但在基础逐渐打牢后，就会慢慢放开，由“死”到“活”，在保证语言正确的前提下，复述可有越来越大的灵活性，如改变句子结构，转换表达方法，用自己在课堂上新学的词汇和句型来替换一些不常使用或难于理解的东西，对于自己读音掌握不准的词汇可以不用，等复述完后再通过查词典或听录音进行正音。
4、有目的地去选择说的材料
开始练习“自言自语法”时，笔者建议你认真选择所说材料。开始时，你可以练习复述小故事，语言应尽量生动、简练，有明确的情节，这样可以帮助你更好地把握语言的连贯性。你可以选你所熟悉或喜欢的内容说，你可以复述课堂上学习的内容，你可以说说你自己的向往。在选择说的内容时，亦应力求练习内容全面，你可以说一封信，一张便条，一个建议，一份说明书，一篇演讲稿，一篇小议论，一段求职信或感谢信等。你可以说说你的工作，你的家庭，你的业余爱好，以及你为什么学英语等等。有了一定基础后，可练习口译。看中文电影，用英语翻译主人公的话语。
5、狠抓句型训练
句子是说话的应用单位，所以培养口语能力就要狠抓句型操练。采用“自言自语”法训练英语口语亦要求如此。你可以使用自己在课堂上所学的句型练习“自言自语”，这样可以加深对所学知识的理解和运用，达到学用结合。
6、说话时要带手势、动作、表情
语言是人类交流思想的工具，但它不是唯一的工具。手势、动作、表情等都是交流思想的工具或辅助工具。在日常会话中，这几种思想交流的工具往往是同时使用的。说话时绘声绘色，可以大大增强语言的生动性和感染力。自言自语时带手势、动作、表情，可以帮助你记忆和自然地使用英语。
7、注意说的质量
说的能力是一种技巧，是在大量的口语练习中培养起来的。学习说英语，由说得不好到说得比较好，是一个发展过程。练习过程中，要注意精泛结合，有的练习里的错误不要纠正，不要过分注重准确性，以着重培养说话的流利程度；有的练习里的错误要纠正，以提高说话的质量。最好从一开始就注意说的质量，即保持说的正常速度，流利自然。在开始练习“自言自语”时，不要过分放慢语速。一旦习惯于慢速度，听到正常的语速，也会感到吃力。在开始接近正常语速时，若感到困难，宁肯多练几遍，也不可放慢语速。开始的时候接近正常，以后跟着快下去，就不存在困难。这里所说的速度，是指接近或比较接近英、美人说话的一般语速。
中国人较内向，在公开场合羞于开口，尤其是当对自己要说的不够自信的时候。而“自言自语法”是克服害羞心理，提高英语口语交流能力的一个很好的途径。要创造练习口语的机会，逐步建立起言语自信，最终达到流利表达的目的，建议你不妨试一试“自言自语法”。
Posted by mmxxx_hxh
( Jan 10 2007, 10:44:54 PM CST )
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送给英语学习者的十句经典名言! 1. What is language for? Some people seem to think it's for practicing grammar rules and learning lists of words---the longer the words the better. That's wrong. Language is for the exchange of ideas, for communication. (语言到底是用来干什么的呢？一些人认为它是用来操练语法规则和学习一大堆单词--而且单词越长越好。这个想法是错误的。语言是用来交换思想，进行交流沟通的！) 2. The way to learn a language is to practice speaking it as often as possible. (学习一门语言的方法就是要尽量多地练习说。) 3. A great man once said it is necessary to drill as much as possible, and the more you apply it in real situations, the more natural it will become. (一位伟人曾说，反复操练是非常必要的，你越多的将所学到的东西运用到实际生活中，他们就变的越自然。) 4. Learning any language takes a lot of effort, but don't give up. (学习任何语言都是需要花费很多努力，但不要放弃。) 5. Relax! Be patient and enjoy yourself. Learning foreign languages should be fun. (放松点！要有耐性，并让自己快乐！学习外语应该是乐趣无穷的。) 6. Rome wasn't built in a day. Work harder and practice more. Your hard work will be rewarded by God one day. God is equal to everyone! (冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。更加努力的学习，更加勤奋的操练，你所付出的一切将会得到上帝的报答，上帝是公平的。) 7. Use a dictionary and grammar guide constantly. Keep a small English dictionary with you at all time. When you see a new word, look it up. Think about the word----use it in your mind, in a sentence. (经常使用字典和语法指南。随身携带一本小英文字典，当你看到一个新字时就去查阅它，想想这个字---然后去用它，在你的心中，在一个句子里。) 8. Try to think in English whenever possible. When you see something, think of the English word of it; then think about the word in a sentence. (一有机会就努力去用英文来思考。看到某事时，想想它的英文单词；然后把它用到一个句子中去。) 9. Practice tenses as much as possible. When you learn a new verb, learn its various forms. (尽可能多的操练时态。学习一个动词的时候，要学习它的各种形态。) 10. I would also like to learn more about the culture behind the language. When you understand the cultural background, you can better use the language. (我想学习和了解更多关于语言背后的文化知识，当你理解了文化背景，你就能更好地运用语言。)Posted by mmxxx_hxh ( Jan 10 2007, 10:42:50 PM CST ) Permalink Comments [0]
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