华秀红

我和英语有个误会

Root Beer
退休的刘教授同几位友人去一家自助餐馆用餐。席间，他兴高采烈端来一杯饮料：“这里还有啤酒呢！”说罢喝了一口：“咦，怎么是甜的，一点啤酒味道也没有？”别的人听了以后，无不捧腹大笑。刘公见状颇为纳闷，不知就里。后有一人问道：“你刚才倒的是不是root beer？”他才醒悟过来。
原来draught beer是生啤，black beer是黑啤，light beer是淡啤，而root beer则与啤酒无关，乃由植物根部酿造而成的可乐一类的饮料。◆
（加州·范仲英）

Rain on My Parade
午餐时间，我们大家正兴高采烈计划长周末一块儿出去玩。有人问要不要邀请隔壁部门的某某小姐，曾经和她同一个单位的Sally马上高声反对：“NO，I won't invite her．She always likes to rain on my parade．”在大家来不及开口之时，刚从楼下买快餐上来的Jill却没头没脑地接口说：“外面没有下雨，也没有游行呀！”Sally拍了一下Jill才向她解释：“我是说，以前每次提议出去玩，她都会找出一大堆理由来阻挠我们成行，非常扫兴！还是不要约她，省得自讨没趣。”◆
（加州·天儿）

Free不是“免费”
刚到美国，我怯于发问，很怕显露自己的无知。
我到学校上成人教育课程时，在校门附近看到斗大的标志“Drug Free Zone”，三个单字都懂，便自己翻译成“药品免费地区”，心想美国真是天堂，在学校买药都免费。
后来学到Drug另一个意思是“毒品”，不由大吃一惊，想不到学校提供免费毒品。
经过一段时间后，才知道这种标志中的“免费”代表“禁止”的意思，就像“Smoke Free”一样，并不是“免费吸烟”，而是“禁止吸烟”，意思完全相反。“Drug Free Zone”则是禁止吸毒的意思。◆
（马里兰·陈如）

On the Street？
最近有一次在公司做project，眼看上司给的deadline（期限）就要到了，可是大伙仍没把握能否如期完成，结果我们这个team的leader就跟我们说：“Everybody！Be serious! Otherwise，we are all on the street！”
我一时没听懂，心想写不出来，干吗全部都到街上，后来经另一同事解释才知，leader的意思是指，计划如果没干出来，我们可能都要被炒鱿鱼了！◆
（得州·冯启丰）

Out of the Woods
美国同事John最近常向公司预支薪水，不免让人替他捏一把冷汗。昨天他发来一封E－mail又要求预支，第一句话就说：“I’m almost out of the woods，我有点迷惑，到底是他的财务情况变好了呢？还是更糟糕了？
问了同事，才知道John的意思是他快从森林里解脱了？意即状况好转，而不是我想的他“快把木头烧尽了”——out of woods。◆
（得州·艾咪）
  
Born Hard
母亲来美探亲回国时给儿子买了一件尺寸样式俱佳的T恤衫，可到家打开一看，胸前赫然印有Born Hard字样，不禁大惊失色：这不是“难产”的意思吗？儿媳至今尚未生养过，买回去太不吉利了。女儿一听忙对母亲说，这不是“难产”而是“硬汉”的意思。母亲这才放下心来。◆
  
On the Go
王先生有一次如约去与在大公司工作的朋友会面，朋友的秘书小姐告诉说：“He is on the go right now.”王先生以为他的朋友已经走了，非常生气。小姐见状忙作解释，说是“他现在很忙，请等一会儿。”王先生顿然醒悟，原来on the go是“正有事”、“正有活动”、“正忙着”的意思。◆
  

From:美国《世界周刊》

英语中的数词趣谈

初学英语的人都知道one, two, three, four, five……是1，2，3，4，5……的意思，是数词，表示数目的大小。但在英语中，有时这些数词并不表示具体的数目，而另有其他含义。请看下面几句。 
1）That old man is a one. 那老头是个古怪的人。 
2）He is a one in a thousand. 他是个出类拔萃的人物。 
3）They were made one. 他们结为夫妻。 
在以上的例句中，one不但不再是数词，而且词义也发生了很大变化。像这样不表示数目的数词，英语中还有不少。 
4）Everyone sprung to his feet, but he was over in two twos.人们都跳起身来，但倾刻之间他便断了气。 
5）They entered musical-hall in twos and threes.他们三三两两地进入音乐厅。 
6）The baby was creeping about on all fours.婴儿匍匐着到处爬。 
7）Is your hat five and ten? 你的帽子便宜吗？ 
8）His room is always at sixes and sevens. 他的屋子总是乱七八糟。 
9）He is now behind the eight ball.他现在处于困难境地。 
10）She’s dressed up to the nine for some grand party.她已经穿上崭新的服装，准备参加大宴会。 
11)Ten to one the train will be late. 这趟车可能要晚点。 
除此之外，常用的还有： 
be at one  一致，同心协力 
in ones   一个一个地 
by twos   成双成对的 
two by four  微不足道的 
put two and two together  根据事实判断 
have one over the eight   酩酊大醉 
two upon ten 把眼睛睁大点（以防盗窃） 
like sixty    快速地；剧烈地 
the upper ten (thousand)上层社会；贵族 
chasing eight and quarters  追逐名利 
six to one 相差悬殊 

推荐《课堂教学的“四变”“三结合”——新课改背景下课堂教学模式初探》 通过学习《改进课堂教学的几点意见》，虽然也有认识和体会，但谈来总觉好浅。读到一篇《课堂教学的“四变”“三结合”——新课改背景下课堂教学模式初探》，觉得对自己的英语课堂教学也很有指导意义。 ... Posted by mmxxx_hxh ( Sep 12 2007, 10:24:53 PM CST ) Permalink Comments [0]

推荐阅读潘军强老师的文章《写在教育的天平上》 当我们面对教育教学中层出不穷的问题而心力交瘁、无比烦恼时，请记住那不是你一个人的力量能解决的。听听这里的声音，有些同感，也能得到些许宽慰吧！ ... Posted by mmxxx_hxh ( May 22 2007, 03:51:48 PM CST ) Permalink Comments [1]

求职信与简历常用词汇

求职信与简历常用词汇

education 学历

educational background 教育程度

major 主修

educational highlights 课程重点部分

specialized courses 专门课程

special training 特别训练

part-time jobs 业余工作

vacation jobs 假期工作

extracurricular activities 课外活动

recreational activities 娱乐活动

social activities 社会活动

scholarship 奖学金

excellent leader 优秀干部

off-job training 脱产培训

educational system 学制

semester 学期（美）

supervisor 论文导师

fail 不及格

examination 考试

post doctorate 博士后

master 硕士

graduate student 研究生

abroad student 留学生

government-supported student 公费生

extern 走读生

prize fellow 奖学金生

graduate 毕业生

guest student 旁听生（英）
 educational history 学历

curriculum 课程

minor 副修

curriculum included 课程包括

courses taken 所学课程

social practice 社会实践

summer jobs 暑期工作

refresher course 进修课程

physical activities 体育活动

academic activities 学术活动

rewards 奖励

excellent League member 优秀团员

student council 学生会

in-job training 在职培训

academic year 学年

term 学期（英）

marks 分数

pass 及格

degree 学位

doctor(Ph.D) 博士

bachelor 学士

abroad student 留学生

undergraduate 大学肆业生

commoner 自费生

intern 实习生

boarder 寄宿生

day-student 走读生

auditor 旁听生（美） 

英语常见的修辞格

英语常见的修辞格

Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech.

1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.

2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.

3) Analogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.

4) Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.

5) Hyperbole: (夸张） It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.

6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述） It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.

7) Euphemism: (委婉） It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as " pass away".

8) Metonymy (转喻） It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces).

9) Synecdoche (提喻） It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.

10) Antonomasia (换喻）It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.

11) Pun: (双关语） It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)

12) Syllepsis: (一语双叙） It has two connotations. 

    In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.)

   In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example, while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in literal; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)

13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配） It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)

14) Irony: (反语） It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.

15) Innuendo: (暗讽） It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.

16) Sarcasm: (讽刺） It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps break through.

17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语） It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more haste, less speed. 

18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰） It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).

19) Antithesis: (对照） It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.

20) Epigram: (警句） It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.

21) Climax: (渐进） It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I conquered.

22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降）It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.

23) Apostrophe： (顿呼） In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said. For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!

24) Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词） It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I spent sleepless nights on my project.

25) Alliteration: (头韵） It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.

26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声） It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movement. 

    Selected from Figures of Speech by Feng Cuihua

英语常用标识语和提示语

Common Signs and Short Notices in English
英语常用标识语和提示语
赵宝斌
   随着我国加入世贸组织和北京将举办2008年奥运会，越来越多的外国人到中国经商和旅游，英语被使用的越来越广泛。英语标识语和提示语在人们的生活当中越来越重要了，但目前我国有很多标识语和提示话使用不规范，比如：有些旅游场所标有"No visitors"(游客止步)，很多商店标有"Business time" (营业时间)，甚至首都机场有些标识语也不规范，如："Claim luggage" (取行李)。这些都会给外国朋友造成一定的交际和沟通方面的障碍。
前几年，我去英国学习，注意到了英国的一些标识语和提示语，并把它们记录下来。现在我把它们整理分类，配有中文翻译。这些都是原汁原味的英语标识语和提示语，大部分我们可以直接运用，有些则可以根据我国的实际情况变通一下再用。可以说你使用这些地地道道的英语标识语和提示语，老外看了，也会觉得我们不是"老外"了。
下面是笔者收集的部分标识语和提示语。
 
Road and Traffic 公路和交通

Approaching end of motorway 即将驶出高速。
Avoid the jams. 避免交通堵塞。 
Dangerous bend 弯道危险 
Diverted traffic 交叉路口 
Entry to motorway 高速入口
Left junction 左交叉口
Look left (right) 向左（右）看。
Low bridge ahead 前方桥低。
New hours of parking control 停车控制新时段 
No entry 禁止驶人
No stopping at any time 任何时间不准停车 
No thoroughfare 禁止通行 
No trade or business vehicle unless authorized 未经允许货车禁止通行。
Pedestrian crossing ahead 注意前方人行横道。 
Pedestrian crossing 人行横道 
Please drive carefully 请小心驾驶。
Road closed 此路封闭 
Slow， school 前方学校请慢行。
Speed limit of 48kmh 限速每小时48公里 
The law requires you wear a seatbelt 法规要求系安全带。
This vehicle stops frequently 随时停车 
Car and Parking 汽车和停车
Car park front and rear.前后停车
Cars parked here without permission will be clamped 未经允许在此停车将被拖走
Guest's car park 来客停车场 
Limited parking 停车位有限
No parking constantly in use 此处经常使用，禁止停车。 
No parking except for loading. 除装货外，禁止停车。
No parking in front of this gate 门前禁止停车 
No parking in use 24 hours a day 此处24小时使用，禁止停车。
No parking or materials in front of doors 门前不准停车或堆放杂物。
Parking for taxis only 只准许出租停。
Parking permitted 允许停车
Please do not park in front of the barrier 请不要在护拦前停车。 
Please do not park. Garage in use. 车库使用，门前请不要停车。
Please ensure that you have paid and display 请确保已买票并张贴。 
Rent a car and go as you please 租辆车想去哪就去哪。
Strictly no parking 严禁停车
This is a pay and display car park 此停车场自动交费并张贴票据。 
VIP car park 贵宾停车场
You will be required to leave a deposit when you pick up the car.
取车时需交押金。
Bus and Coach 公共汽车和长途汽车
Bus information 公共汽车问讯处 
Bus lane 公共汽车道
Bus stand 公共汽车停车处 
Double deck buses 双层公共汽车
End of bus lane 公共汽车道结束
In case of fire, stay in vehicle 如遇火警，请呆在车内。 
Keep your belongings with you at all times 随时照看好你的物品
The light indicates the door is not secured. 指示灯亮显示门未关好。
These seats are meant for elderly and handicapped persons & women with child. 老人，残疾人及抱小孩的妇女专座。
This coach is for holders of full fare. 本长途汽车专为持全程票者乘坐。
When the bus is moving, do not speak to the driver 汽车行使中，严禁与司机交谈。 
With permission, but at owner's risk 允许存放，但后果自负。 

Tube and Train 地铁和火车

After 21:00 hours access to London underground station. 21:00以后，开往伦敦地铁站。
Certain stations are closed on public holidays. 假日某些车站关闭
From … to … route … 从……到……途经……
Help us to keep the tube litter free 请协助我们，保持地铁清洁卫生。
Luggage must not be put in the gateway 行李不准放到过道上。
Mind the gap 小心台阶间跨度 
Not valid on certain trains. 车票对某些列车无效 
Peak hours only 只限高峰时段
Please keep gateways clear 请保持过道畅通。
Please retain your ticket for inspection 请保留车票待检。
Single or return tickets only 单程或往返程票 
Stand clear of the door 请不要站在门口。 
The last train this evening will be the service to … 今晚最后一列火车是到……
Ticket valid until 30 June 2003. 车票有效期到2003年6月30日。
To ensure punctuality, this barrier may be closed up to one minute prior to departure of each train 为确保准时发车，此门在发车前一分钟关闭。 
Toilet engaged 厕所有人
Train departure 出站列车 
Tube to … 地铁开往… 

Airport 飞机场

Airport lounges 机场休息室 
Airports shuttle 机场班车
Arrivals 进港
Assistance 问讯处 
Check in area (zone) 办理登机区 
Customers lounges 旅客休息室
Departure airport 离港时间
Departure times on reverse 返航时间 
Departures 出港 
Destination airport 到达机场
Domestic flights. 国内航班
Emergency exit 安全出口 
Exit to all routes 各通道出口
Flight connections 转机处
Help point (desk) 问讯处 
Inquiries 问讯处 
Left baggage 行李寄存
Lost property 失物招领 
Luggage from flights 到港行李 
Luggage pick up 取行李 
Luggage reclaim 取行李 
Missing people help line 走失求救热线
Missing, police appeal for assistance 警察提供走失帮助。
No smoking except in designated area 除指定区域外，禁止吸烟。 
Nothing (something) to declare 无（有）报关 
Passport control 入境检验 
Please leave your luggage with you at all times 请随身携带你的行李。 
Queue here 在此排队 
Reclaim belt 取行李传送带 
Reserved seating 预定的座位 
Return fares 往返票价
Short stay 短暂停留
Stay close 跟紧
Welcome aboard 欢迎登机 

Purchases and Sales 商品买卖

15% off with this flyer 凭此宣传品优惠15% 
50% off on selected lines 部分商品降半价 
Accessories & spares delivered to your door 配件送货上门。
All the range of … available. 各种……有货
As many repairs as you need, free of charge 随时免费维修
Ask at the counter for details 详情问柜台 
Ask inside for details 详情里面询问 
Best choice and best discounts 最佳选择，最大优惠
Big sale 大甩卖 
Brighter shopping, brighter prices 明智的购物，透明的价格
Buy any two together and save 10% off both products 一次性买俩，每个优惠10％
Buy one and get anyone free 买一赠一 
Buy two get one free 买二赠一
Children's wear 童装
Closing sale 关门大甩卖 
Computers in stock 电脑有货
Customer care is our top priority 顾客至上
Customer services 顾客服务处
Easy to use and great value too. 好用实惠，物美价廉
Fill in your selection here and take to a pay point. 在此选购商品填单，然后到收款台付款。
Final clear out 清仓大甩卖 
For more information，contact our customer service desk 详情请和顾客服务处联系。
Free delivery to your door 免费送货上门
Furniture sale now on 家具现降价销售 
Half price sale 半价甩卖 
Hours of opening： 营业时间
Massive stock, clear out 大量库存，清仓甩卖
Offer is subject to availability. 现货优惠，卖完为止
Open for business as usual 照常营业 
Opening soon 即将开业 
Opening times (hours): 营业时间:
We can provide the complete hospitality service. 我们提供热情周到的服务。
Out of hours, delivery at … 下班时，送货到…… 
Peace of mind from the minute you buy 买着放心
Please ask for assistance 需帮助请询问
Please check your change before leaving the checkout area 请当面点清。 
Please retain this receipt as proof of your purchase and your guarantee.请保存好收据，作为交款凭证，并享受保修。 
Please leave bags at the counter 请把包放到柜台 

Price crash 削价

Sale 50% off original price按原价的50%销售 
Sale at breakdown price 跳楼价甩卖 
Sale continues in store 商品继续销价 
Save up to 50% off 50％大降价
Save up to 40% 6折优惠
Save your money 贱卖
Savings and discounts all around the store 店内所有商品均削价处理 
Services as usual 照常营业 
Special offer 特价 
50% discount on selected items 部分商品五折 
Summer price cuts.夏季大削价
Thank you for your custom. 感谢您惠顾光临
Try before you buy 先试后买
We will not be beaten on price 我们的价格最低。

Public Places 公共场所

Central heating throughout. 中央暖气全部开放
Children and senior citizens free 儿童与老人免费 
Do not enter, alarm operating装有警报，禁止入内。
Do not obstruct or chain cycles to the railings 请不要把自行车靠到或锁到栏杆上。
Do not put (place) bicycles against the railings 请不要把自行车靠到栏杆上。
Do not use this lift as a means of escape in the event of fire 遇火警时，严禁使用此电梯 
Dog waste only 只存放狗的粪便 
Fire construction points to note 注意消防设施 
Fire door, keep shut 消防门房，保持关闭
Fire escape to be clear of obstruction. 安全出口，保持通畅 
Fire escape, asked to be cleared off obstruction.安全出口，请保持通畅 
Fire escape, keep clear 安全出口，保持通畅
Fire exit only 仅作火警安全出口 
Footpath closed. 步行路关闭
For public use 公用
Free of charge 免费
Fully air conditioned 空调全面开放
Gates in use night & day 此门昼夜使用 
Public toilet 公厕 
Lavatories 厕所 
Unisex toilet 男女公厕 
Gents 男厕 
man's lavatory 男厕所
Men 男厕
Waiting room and ladies 女厕 
woman's lavatory 女厕所
Leave by entrance door 请不要堵住门口 
No admittance 禁止入内
No bathing, fishing allowed in this pond 此池塘禁止游泳，垂钓 
No bicycles, police will remove 禁止停放自行车，否则警察拖走。
No charge 不收费
No entry for general public 公众不得入内 
No unauthorized access prohibited，未经许可，禁止入内。
No unauthorized entry未经许可，不得入内 
No way out 无出口 
Non-smokers only. 仅供非吸烟者
Obstruction of the door can be dangerous. 门口堵塞，危险
Open all year daily 全年每天开放
Open all year round/ Open all year 全年开放 
Open daily 每天开放 
Open to the public on selected days only 仅限规定的日期，对公众开放。
Opening hours: 开放/开门/营业时间: 
Particulars of membership 会员优先 
Pick pockets operate in this area 本区域内注意小偷 
Please do not chain bicycles to these railings 请不要把自行车锁到栏杆上。
Please do not lean on these barriers 请不要靠防护栏。
Please do not leave rubbish here 请不要在此倒垃圾。 
Please do not obstruct entrance 请不要堵住入口。 
Please feel free to smoke in the lounge. 休息室允许吸烟
Please keep clear of the door 请保持门口畅通。
Please telephone for opening times and admission charges 打电话询问开放时间和门票价格。
Please use other doors 请走其它门
Please use yours with consideration for others. 请在你使用时，也为别人着想。
Police notice: bicycles will be removed 警察特别提示：自行车将被清走。
Private function only 只供私人使用 
Unauthorized posters and advertisements will be persecuted 未经允许，禁止张贴广告，否则追究责任。 
Under repair, do not operate 正在修理，不能使用。 
Use of emergency alarm 用于报警
Useful numbers: 常用电话号码 
Way out 出口 

Office 办公室

Air quality improvement area 空气质量净化区 
All visitors must report to office 来客必须到办公室登记。
All visitors please report to the gate warder 来客请到门房登记。 
Anyone caught using this lift will be removed from this lift 发现用此电梯者将被清走。 Business office 商务办公室
Close the door behind you 请随手关门
Demonstration available 可以进行演示 
Electrically operated gate 电动门 
Floor cleaning in progress 正在清扫地板 
Front entrance 前门入口 
For your convenience we are open 7 days a week. 为了方便你，我们每周7天开放。
Head office 总部
Interview in progress 正在面试 
Lift out of order 电梯发生故障 
Lift out of use 电梯停止使用 
Meeting in progress, quiet please 正在开会，请保持安静。 
No food is to be consumed in this area.此处不准吃食物。 
No littering 勿乱扔废弃物 
No smoking in this area 此处禁止吸烟 
No smoking in this lift 电梯内禁止吸烟 
Office to let 办公室出租 
Please close the door on leaving 离开时请关门 
Please do not help yourself 不要随便拿东西。
Please do not help yourself to books from this shelf 请不要随便从架子上取书籍。
Please ensure that this door is closed top & bottom 请确保此门上下关紧。
Please keep this office tidy and use the bins provided 请保持办公室整洁，使用所提供的垃圾箱
Please wait here for enquiries请在此等候咨询。
This is a smoke free building 楼内禁止吸烟
We do not buy at this door 谢绝推销

Restaurant and Pub 餐馆酒吧

Air conditioned 空调开放
Daily specials 每日特色菜
Drinks purchased are for taken away only 饮料仅供外卖
Eat in or take away 店内吃或外卖 
Please ask to taste 欢迎品尝
Please wait here or take advantage until our hostess escorts to your table. 请稍等或自便，主人会领你入座。
Superb cuisine and wide selection of drinks. 美味佳肴，各种饮料 
Take away service available 提供外卖 
Today's special/Today's specialties 今日特色菜 
Try our summer range of food 品尝夏季各种食品
Wines & spirits 红酒白酒 

Construction Site 建筑工地

Apologize for any inconvenience caused during building operation 对施工期间带来的不便表示歉意。
Danger of death. Keep out. 生命危险，严禁入内。
Danger，building site, keep out 工地危险，禁止入内。
Danger，evacuation 危险,请走开
Dangerous structure, this bridge is unsafe 危险结构，该桥不安全。
Hot work in progress 正在施工
No persons allowed beyond this point 任何人不许越过此处。 
Safety footwear.穿安全靴 
Safety helmets must be worn on this site 此工地必须戴安全帽。
Site entrance, dangerous 工地入口，危险 
Slow, site entrance 工地入口请慢行
This button has been moved for remedial work 该按钮已卸下拿去修理。
This is just for construction personnel 仅供施工人员使用。
This lift is only for construction personal 此电梯仅供施工人员使用。 
This work will be completed by the end of this year. Thank you for your patience during the inevitable disruption 此工程于年底完工，感谢你施工期间的宽容大度。
We apologize for any inconvenience caused during this works 对施工期间引起的不便表示歉意。
Working overhead 上面在施工 

Banks and Insurance 银行保险

24-hour credit card bookings 24小时信用卡预约
An attractive rate of interest on any money. 存款利率高
Automatic teller machine 自动取款机
Bring proof of identity to open your account. 开户需带证件
Bureau de change/Currency exchange 兑换外汇
Call us with credit card details on … 打电话……询问，需提供信用卡记录详情。
Fast, safe worldwide money transfers available here.我们能提供全球快捷安全的转帐业务。
Foreign exchange (services) 外币兑换
Look out our lowest rate loans on personal 提供个人低息贷款。
Making your money grow 让你的钱增值。
Our telephone banking service is open 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.我们的银行开通每年365天每天24小时的服务电话。
Repayments guaranteed to stay the same throughout the length of the loan. 偿还的贷款保证在还贷期间保持不变。
Sell to customer rate: 卖出价:
There is no cash left in this machine overnight 此机夜间无现金 
This till position is closed. 此取款机停止使用
Travelers cheque commission 旅行支票收手续费 
We can supply all your foreign currency. 我们提供各国货币
We give you great rates and instant access 我们提供优惠的价位快捷的服务。
You open an account with at least ￡10 开户至少10镑
Your insurance plan will protect your product against accidental damage.保险将保护你的产品免受意外损失。

Post Office and Communications 邮局电信

Abroad 国外信件 
All prices include postage and packing 全部价格包括邮资和包装
Calls charged at the national rate 电话按国内长途收费
Counter service 服务柜台 
Country letters 国内信件 
Enquires 问讯处 
If your mobile breaks down more than twice because of a mechanical fault, we will replace it. 如果你的手机出现两次以上的故障，我们将予以更换。
If your mobile phone breaks down, we will carry out as many repairs as your product needs, free of charge. 如果你的手机出现故障，我们随时提供免费修理。
In most instances we will repair your mobile phone within five working days. 一般我们在5个工作日修好你的手机。
Internet e-mail with free fast access to useful sites 发电子邮件，免费访问常用的网站。
Local calls 本地电话 
Mobile phone center 移动电话中心
National calls 国内长途电话 
Nokia original accessories 诺基亚原装配件 
Please join the main queue 请排成一队 
Please post all your mail here，thank you 请在此邮寄，谢谢合作 
Pocket phone shop 手机商店
Post your comments here 请留下您的意见 
Price paid including fees and vat.所付价格包括服务费和增值税 
Simply return your damaged or faulty phone to our store and it will be exchanged for a loan phone until your phone has been repaired.只要你把你损坏或有故障的手机拿回我们商店，在你的手机修好前，我们会提供备用电话。
Stamp vending machine 邮票销售机
We offer a special instant replacement service for pagers. 我们对BB机提供快捷换货的特别服务。 
We will replace any accessories you bought from us for your original phone. 我们为你从我们这买的原装手机换配件。

Theatre and Cinema 剧院电影院

24 hour ticket line … 24小时售票电话……
All prices quoted include any service charges applicable.票价包括一定的服务费。
All sessions last for approximately 1 hour. 演出大约1小时
Booking Office 售票处 
Bookable in advance at the box office only with ID 凭身份证可在售票处提前预定。
Booking by post, phone, fax or e-mail or in person. 可通过邮寄，打电话，发传真或发电子邮件或亲自定票。
Booking can be made through … on … 可打电话 ……通过……定票
Concessions 优惠
No booking fee 不收定票费
Performance times 演出时间
Previews 预演
Regular price 普通票价
Special reductions are available to groups 12+ at all performances. 所有演出对12人以上的团体给予特别优惠。
The performance runs 2 hours 30 minutes including an interval 整个演出2小时30分，包括中间休息
The price shown on the ticket includes ticket price and service charges.票上的价格包括票价和服务费。 
This ticket will not be exchanged nor the purchase price refunded.票不可交换，也不能按购买价退票。 
Tickets are subject to availability. 票在销售，售完为止
Tickets available from all accredited ticket agents. 可在所有的指定的代理商买到票

Hotels and Hostels 旅店宾馆

Be careful when using the bath.使用此浴室时小心。 
Booking made through most travel agents. 可通过各地旅游代理商定票。
Centrally located overlooking a park with free parking. 市区中心，紧靠公园，免费停车。
Cleanliness and comfort assured.保证干净舒适。
Conference facilities. 会议设施
Easy access to… Close to city center. 紧靠市中心，去……交通便利。
Equipped and furnished to a high standard. 家具配备高档，设施配备精良。
Extremely well equipped. 设施配备精良。
Friendly family guest house near city center and railway station. 家庭式客房，紧靠市中心和火车站。
Full central heating with house provided hot water 24 hours 中央暖气系统，房间24小时提供热水。
Fully centrally heated.中央暖气全部开放。
Indoor swimming pool 室内游泳池
Laundry service. 提供洗熨服务
Night porter on duty. 夜间有行李搬运服务生。
Price according to season and size of flat. 价格按季节和公寓大小而定。
Reduced rates for elderly. 老人优惠
Shave pins in all bedrooms 所有卧室备有刮脸刀/脱发器插头
Stay a minimum of 3 nights and receive 1 extra night free. 最少住三晚，另外免费一晚。
Tea/coffee making facility in all bedrooms. 所有卧室有沏茶和煮咖啡的条件。
This offer is available for all stays to 31 October 2003. 对截至2003年10月31日的住宿实行优惠。
Warm, friendly service in a comfortable home. 热情友好的服务，舒适温馨的家。

Tour and Sightseeing 旅游观光

15% off with this flyer 持本广告85折优惠
A place to relax and unwind 一个让你放松身心的地方。
Access all day.全天开放 
Admission is free 不收门票 
Advanced booking is essential to avoid disappointment 提前预定，避免错过。
All passengers are strongly advised to obtain travel insurance. 建议所有乘客购买旅游保险。
All tours require advance booking. 旅游需要提前定票。 
All-inclusive ticket 票价包括所有费用。
Cafeteria available 提供自助餐
Child reductions 儿童优惠
Children are free if supervised.有监护人的儿童免费。
Children under 12 half price throughout season 全季12岁以下的儿童半价
Clean and comfortable 清洁舒适
Come with us to the world's most beautiful cities 和我们一起游览世界上最美丽的城市。
Concessions (票价)优惠 
Day trip to … ……一日游 
Discounts available for pre-booked groups 团体提前预定优惠
Fine views of London 伦敦美景
For more detailed information please call 欲知详情，请打电话。
Free children admission with full paying adult 卖成人票，儿童免费。
Free children ticket with this leaflet 持本广告儿童免费。
Free entry for all. 向所有人开放 
Free entry to over 60 attractions 免费到60 多个景点旅游。
Free for accompanied children under 16 years of age. 所带16以下岁儿童免费。
If you would like to join our club, please contact… 如想参加我们的俱乐部，请联系……
Pick up points and times 接站地点和接站时间
Reservations 预定 
Reserved seating 预定座位 
Safe and reliable 安全可靠 
Self-catering 可自己做饭
Shopping offers 提供购物机会
Sights of London. 伦敦风光
Sightseeing at its best! 观光游览最佳季节。
Tour operators 旅游组织者
Tours take up to two hours 游程两个小时。
Tours are held throughout the day 旅游活动全天进行。
Tours have live English commentary 旅游配有现场英语解说。
Under 24 hours a 50% charge may be levied. 24小时内收半价
We want you to have a good holiday 我们让你渡过一个愉快的假日。

Training and Learning 学习培训

Accommodation provided by the institution 学校提供住宿。
All courses offered accredited by British Council 所有课程由英国文化委员会授权认可。
Expert English language training by qualified teachers 英语培训，经验丰富，师资雄厚。
Full-students 全日制学生
One-to-one English language courses with full board accommodation 一对一的英语学习课程，提供住宿。
We have over ten years of experience in teaching quality English and have successfully managed schools in different parts of the world. 我们从事了10年多的英语教学，教学质量高，教学经验丰富，在世界各地有成功地办学的范例。
Exhibition and Museum 展览会博物馆
… are now free to everyone. …… 现免费向公众开放。 
… will again be open to the public. …… 再次向公众开放。
Admission charge ￡4 门票 ￡4镑
Do not touch the exhibits/objects勿触摸展品/物品 
Exhibition opening times: 开馆时间： 
Extended opening hours during August 八月延长开放时间。
Flash photograph is not permitted 不准用闪光灯拍照。
Forthcoming exhibitions 即将展出
Open 10:30am - 6:00pm every day throughout the year 全年每天10：3:00am - 6:00pm 开放。
Open 7 days a week 每周7天开放
Photography and video are not permitted inside the building 楼内不许拍照录像。
Ticket office 售票处 
Unemployed, disabled, students and children free 失业者，残疾人，学生和儿童免费。
With access all day 全天开放

Others 其它方面

Bicycle hire 出租自行车 
Call now to book and to claim your free colour brochure. 现在打电话预定，索取免费彩色介绍资料。
Call … to book 打电话……预定
Contact us at email: 同我们联系请发电子邮件:
Cycle hire 自行车出租
Details see over 详情见背页
Direct dial telephones 直拨电话
For free information contact： 索取免费信息，请联系：
For full details of …, please see the web site: 了解……详情，请访问网站： 
For further details, please contact us on … 详情请打电话……和我们联系。
For further information on … please call …… 了解 … 详情, 请打电话…… 
For more information on the full range of products, call … or visit the web: 更多了解各种产品的情况，拨打电话…… 或访问网站:
For more information, call …, Our staff will be pleased to answer your questions 了解详情请打电话……, 我们的职员会给你满意的回答。
For the latest information on availability, check out our website: … 获取最新信息，查询我们的网站:……。
Free Internet Access 免费上网
Free prize draw 免费抽奖
Further information about ……can be found on our website at… 关于……详细情况可在我们的网站……查到。
Goods are dispatched every day 每天发货
Information is correct at time of print 印刷时信息准确
Please ring/call/phone/telephone for assistance 打电话咨询 
Please ring our 24-hour information line 请拨打我们24 小时咨询服务热线。
Please write clearly in blue or black ink. 请用蓝黑墨水填写清楚。
Programmes can be heard live and recorded on our website.在我们的网站上可听到现场和录音节目。
See reverse for full rules and condition 详细规则条款看背页。

Idioms and proverbs

Idioms and proverbs
趣谈含人体器官的成语：
above one’s head  高深莫测
eyes in the back of one’s head  神通广大
get to one’s head  冲昏头脑
apple of one’s eyes掌上明珠
be in the public eye   抛头露面
catch one’s eye  引人注目
see sth. with one’s own eyes  亲眼目睹
give sb. the eye  暗送秋波
be all ears    洗耳恭听
have one’s hands full  应接不暇
eat out of one’s hand  盲目相信
from mouth to mouth  口口相传
back to front    前后倒置
at arm’s length  若即若离
arm in arm   亲密无间

再学谚语
Two heads are better than one. 两人智慧胜一人。
A wise head makes a close mouth. 智者寡言。
Still tongue makes a wise head. 少言者多智。
Learning is the eye of mind.  学习是心灵的慧眼。
Many hands makes light work.  人多好办事。
In one ear and out the other.  左耳进，右耳出。
Don’t let the grass under your feet.  莫让年华似流水。
Two wrongs don’t make a right.   两个错误加不出一个对来。
A close mouth catches no flies.  嘴巴闭得紧，苍蝇飞不进。
It’s never too late to mend.  改过不嫌迟。
Deeds are fruits, words are but leaves.  行动是果实，言论只不过是叶子。
Saying and doing are two different things.  说和做是两回事。
Food is god for the people.  民以食为天。
Fish begins to stink at the head.  上梁不正下梁歪。
You can’t make something out of nothing.  巧妇难为无米之炊。
A friend is easy lost than found.  朋友易失不易得。
It’s hard to please all.   众口难调。
Easy come, easy go.  来得容易，去得快。
Everything has a hard beginning.  万事开头难。
Eat to live, but do not live to eat.  人应为生而食，而不应为食而生。
Time flies like an arrow.   光阴似箭。
Time passes like flowing water.  似水年华。
A man becomes learned by asking questions.  要长学问，就得多问。
Clothes do not make the man.    人不可貌相。
Money makes the mare（母马）go.  有钱能使鬼推磨。
The day has eyes, the night has ears.   若要人不知，除非己莫为。
One today is worth two tomorrows.    一个今天胜过两个明天。
The early bird gets the worm.    捷足先登。
Tomorrow never comes.    切莫依赖明天。
One tree doesn’t make a wood.   独木不成林。
The dictionary is the only place where success comes before work.   只有在词典里，成功才出现在工作之前。
Every man has his weak side.    金无足赤，人无完人。
Teaching others by your example.     以身作则。
He that travels far knows much.     远行者，见识广。
The best company are the best books.    最好的伙伴是最好的书。
Sports are good for life.    生命在于运动。
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.  早睡早起会使人健康、富有和聪慧。

人性的透视

人性的透视(1)
我们怎样学习(如何接受别人的观点)
　　85% 的人     通过视觉
　　11% 的人     通过听觉
　　3.5% 的人    通过嗅觉
　　1.5% 的人    通过触觉
　　1% 的人      通过味觉
人性的透视(2)
　　我们如何保存信息　我们可以保存:
　　阅读信息的10%、听觉信息的20%
　　视觉信息的30%、视觉和听觉信息的50%
　　谈话内容的70%、做某事时说话内容的90%
人性的透视(3)
　　教导的方式        3小时后的记忆      3天后记忆的保存率
　　1.单独向人讲述         70%                10%
　　2.单独向人演示         72%                20%
　　3.讲述加演示           85%                65% 

教师的心理挫折

教 师 的 心 理 挫 折
摘至《大众心理学》练国铮
心理挫折是指人在实践活动中遇到障碍或干扰，致使预期的目标不能达到，需要不能满足时所产生的情绪失衡状态。如紧张、焦虑、沮丧、困惑、痛苦、愤懑，甚至迂怒、攻击等，都是心理挫折的反映。在教学活动中，教师的主观愿望与学生的客观现实之间会经常发生矛盾冲突，因此诱发这样那样的心理挫折是常有的事。教师在教学中的心理挫折具有鲜明的职业特征，主要有三类。
成就挫折。教师以培养学生成材为根本宗旨的工作性质，决定了他们总是强烈希望在培养学生的活动上取得成就。因此在教学中，教师总是以学生在学识德才诸方面的发展、进步作为衡量自己工作成效的直接指标。但是教师这种主观成就愿望在实现的过程中必定受到学生实际的制约。如学生对教师的教学信息总是“各取所需”，学生之间在知识能力的发展上存在极强的不平衡，每个学生学习进程中的发展也是不稳定的。这些复杂因素的可控性都很有限，所以教师对教学成功的可能性也就难以百分之百的把握，局部的失败经常可能发生，教师的成就需要也就会经常地受到工作成功概率不确定性的威胁。
自尊挫折。教师处于为人师表的地位，因此具有特别强烈的自尊需要。为了顺利而有效地进行教学，教师都比较看重自己在学生心目中的形象与声誉，总希望得到学生的尊敬、爱戴、依赖与拥护。但这种需要的满足并不决定于教师的一厢情愿，而决定于学生对教师真心实意的敬意。但实际情况是，教师在教学中随时都可能发生“威信危机”。客观方面，学生受成见、第一印象、晕轮效应等认识偏差的消极影响，而对教师形成不确切的，甚至错误的印象；主观上，教师常因一言不慎或一事不当而引起学生情感的压抑或不满。因此在教学中，教师的自尊需要随时都可能面临学生各种消极情态的包围与挑战。
角色挫折。角色，是指人在一定的社会条件下、在群体中所处的不同地位与身份。在教学中，学生总从各自的需要出发，期望教师扮演各种不同的角色。这种角色期待分为两大类。一是权威性角色，如知识的传授者、智力裁判与教学专家、纪律纠察等；另一是心理性角色，如榜样、替罪羊（即学生消极情绪的发泄对象）、代替父母、朋友、心理医生等。一般说来，教师对与本职直接相关的权威性角色认识比较明确，容易直觉把握，而对来源于学生心理深层需求的心理性角色的认识，则往往不易理解与把握。同时，教师自身的经验、能力与个性等因素，也会影响自己完成角色任务的准确性。这样，教师的教学行为有时就与学生的角色期待脱节，甚至发生冲突。
心理挫折是人的一种主观体验与感受。心理学研究表明，一个人心理挫折的强度与他的挫折而受力相关。挫折耐受力是指人遭受挫折时维持心理平衡，免于行为态度失常的一种心理能力。一般说来，心理健康与职业觉悟高的教师挫折耐受力也强，面对困难总能不急不躁，寻求计策；反之耐受力低，则面对困难往往束手无策，悲观失望或怒气爆发。所以，挫折耐受力是教书育人不可缺少的精神力量。教师应从以下途径有目的地培养自己的挫折耐受力。
首先，树立正确的学生观。
学生观是教师对学生本质属性与基本特征的认识。在教学中，教师往往由于学生观不正确，对学生的学习态度与行为不能作出全面正确的理解，而诱发挫折感。所以，要提高挫折耐受力，教师对学生应有以下基本观念：⑴学生具有主观能动性。他们不仅根据自身的需要来筛选教师的教学信息而且还会以自己特有的思想行为反作用于教师,对教师的需要与期望造成丰富而复杂的冲击。⑵学生是发展中的个体。他们的心理具有独立与依赖、自觉与幼稚相互错综矛盾的不成熟特点，过错与反复在所难免。⑶学生的发展是不平衡的。学生之间在智力、品行方面必然存在差异，绝不可能一刀齐。教师应从这些认识出发，辩证地、发展地理解学生的学习表面，并从自己的地位、权利与义务出发，科学地预计教师教的愿望与学生学的现实之间必然存在的矛盾冲突，提高耐受挫折的心理准备性。
其次，营造积极的心境。
心境是微弱而持久的情感状态。人的心理活动在一定的心境控制下，在一段较长的时间内几乎会使所接触到的一切事物都染上与心境相关的情感色彩。教学中体质积极心境的途径有：⑴对学生的复杂情绪保持积极的态度。学生都有“向师性”，即愿意与教师接近，接受老师教导，希望获得老师的重视、关怀与鼓励。在教学中，学生由于这种心理需要的满足程度不同，会表现出各不相同的情绪来。教师应从自己的职责出发，来理解来自于学生复杂情绪的和谐性。⑵不把消极情绪带进课堂。教师在进教室之前应进行心理净化，消除杂乱的思绪，以平静开朗的姿态出现在学生面前。这样，由于情感的相互感染功能，师生都会因此而感染到理智上的兴奋与愉悦。⑶严格控制激情。激情爆发之后一般都会在心理上留下沮丧、自卑等受挫折阴影。所以教师应对学生的缺点错误取宽容态度，切忌随意冒火，摒弃“威慑统治”，实行“冷处理”。总之，教师在教学中应“卒然临之而不惊，无故加之而不怒”，自觉地做情绪的主人，以促进内心情绪的动态平衡。
第三，追求主客观的能动统一。
在教学中，教师主动进行心理调节，使主观心态与客观情境相协调，有利于提高对困难情境的抗压能力，起到缓解或消除心理挫折的作用。心理自控的主要途径有：⑴对挫折情境地作乐观的认识与判断。挫折感完全决定于主观认识，认为无所谓时挫折感就浅，认为严惩时挫折感就深。所以面临困难切忌无济于事的悲观失望，而应实事求是地分析原因，采取对策。⑵积极进行自我疏导。人在遭受心理挫折时，必定感到困扰与苦恼，对此应善于作自我排解。如一分为二看看事情的另一面，冷静地从主观上找找原因，总结一下经验教训等，都有利于挫折感的缓解与消除。⑶从实际出发调整工作目标与方式。当工作遇到障碍时，应善于把自己的主观条件与客观情境联系起来进行研究，重新调整目标与措施，使之更加切实可行。总之，退一步天广地宽，面临挫折首先应乐观坦然，满怀信心与困难作斗争，在战胜困难、实现目标的过程中消释受挫折感受。

吃酸甜辣咸与性格有关

吃酸甜辣咸与性格有关 
 
美国行为心理学家通过大量的事实研究，表明人的性格与口味有着密切的联系。
喜欢吃大米的人：经常自我陶醉，孤芳自赏；对人对事处理得体，比较通融，但互助精神差。
　　喜欢吃面食的人：能说会道，夸夸其谈，不考虑后果及影响；意志不坚定，做事容易丧失信心。 
　　喜欢吃甜食的人：热情开朗平易近人，但平时有些软弱和胆小，缺乏冒险精神。 
　　喜欢吃酸的人：有事业心，但性格孤僻，不善交际，遇事爱钻牛角尖，没有知心朋友。 
　　喜欢吃辣的人：善于思考，有主见，吃软不吃硬，有时爱挑剔别人身上的小毛病。
　　喜欢吃咸味食品的人：待人接物稳重，有礼貌，做事有计划，埋头苦干，但比较轻视人与人之间的感情，有点虚伪。
　　喜欢吃油炸食品的人：勇于冒险，有干一番事业的愿望，但受到挫折，即灰心丧气。
　　喜欢吃清淡食品的人：注重交际和接近他人，希望广交朋友，不愿单枪匹马地行事。　

教师的情商五说

要成为一名合格的教师，应从五个方面提高自己的情商。
一、自知，就是认识自我。在市场经济条件下，教师要经得起诱惑，耐得住寂寞，甘于清贫。教师的自知之明，在于了解自己，充分认清自己选择的职业。
二、自控，即善于控制自己的情绪和欲望。教师要加强自控和自律，首先必须不断学习，用先进的理论武装自己，才能在工作中不迷失方向。其次要具备正确的人格、人品，弘扬高尚、正义、真善美的价值观念，把正直宽容、不骄不狂作为做人的准则，建立良好的师德风范。
三、自励，就是自我激励。教师要面对成功和失败的各种挑战。失败时，要敢于直面挫折的痛苦，在自我激励中发现自己的优点，发掘自己的激情，从而培养起自信、乐观、豁达、远见的情趣，发挥自己的创造性，不断给自己确定新的目标。
四、知人，即理解别人、平等待人，领悟对方的感受。教师知人，主要是理解学生，对学生有感情，努力为学生服务，永远把学生的学习放在第一位。因此，教师必须从如何使学生尽快成材的角度来全盘思考和谋划自己的工作。
五、协调，即处理好人际关系和加强组织管理。教师应加强组织管理能力，这是指：一要管理自己和自己的教学，有效地实现教学目的；二要管理学生，管其学不学、认真不认真学、会不会学等等，使每个学生在教学活动中都处于积极的心理状态。

异域风情篇

异域风情 (26篇)

1.The Playground of Europe
      Switzerland is a small country with mountains, forests and blue lakes. In winter the sun is bright, but the air is cold.  People go to Switzerland for winter sports. They wear warm clothes and sunglasses. They usually stay at hotels which are in the valleys or on the side of the mountains. In the valleys, they skate on the ice of the lakes. Visitors go to Switzerland in the summer time, too. They can climb the rocky sides of the mountains or walk in the forests. They can swim in the warm lakes or go boating on them. People call Switzerland the playground of Europe.

2."Thanks" in America
     It is important for Americans to thank other people for favour even if what the other people did was very small. Both children and older people should be thanked for any kind act. The person accepting the thanks usually says something to make the favour seem small, or says   that it was his pleasure to help you, or simply, " You are welcome." 
     It is equally important to apologize when you have hurt or disappointed someone. When possible, you should always add a reasonable explanation or excuse for your behavior. When there is some loss or damage to personal property, the person responsible for the loss  should  both apologize and offer to pay for the item. 
    Most of the time the other person accepts the apology and doesn't show any disappointment or anger. But if the problem was really serious or it happened several times before, the person might say something to show how he feels.

3.Ice-cream in America
     Most Americans think that ice cream is as American as baseball and apple pie. But ice cream was known long before America was discovered.   The Roman emperor Nero made a kind of ice cream. He hired hundreds of men to bring snow and ice from the mountains and used it to make cold drinks. The traveler Marco Polo brought back recipes for chilled(发酵) and frozen milk from China.
      Hundreds of years later, ice cream reached England. It is said that King Charles enjoyed it very much. There is a story that he  bribed his cook to keep the recipe a royal(神圣) secret.
      Today ice cream is known throughout the world. Americans alone eat more than two billion quarts of it a year.

4.Chopsticks
     Though chopsticks are used in many Asian countries, they have their beginnings in China.
     Chinese history says that the Chinese had chopsticks as far as the Xia Dynasty (about 4,000 years ago).
    In the Spring and Autumn Period copper and iron chopsticks appeared. With the Han Dynasty lacquered (上漆) chopsticks came, followed by  gold and silver chopsticks still later.
    Today we have chopsticks made of plastics. The most expensive are made of part of tusks of elephants and hard green stone.
     Chopsticks tell Chinese tradition in their own way. In ancient times the rich used hard green stone or gold chopsticks to show their wealth .In history many kings used silver chopsticks to take their food to see if it was poisonous. It was said that if it was, the silver chopsticks would turn color.
    Chopsticks are traditionally given to a daughter when she marries to show that they should have a son very soon, for "chopsticks" in Chinese is pronounced like "quick a son!"
    Tianzhu chopsticks from Hangzhou, wooden chopsticks from Shanyang of Shanxi Province, and Beijing's chopsticks are well-known.
    Many westerners, businessmen, tourists put aside their knives and forks in favour of chopsticks in China.
   Chopsticks appeared in the old Chinese stories: an old man teaches his son a lesson by showing how he can easily break a single chopstick but not a number of them.
   In China chopsticks are connected with good luck. So on the country's New Year's Eve, many families will lay out new chopsticks at dinners as a way of making requests for luck.

5. Eskimoes
     Do you know Eskimoes? Let me tell you something about their life.
     The Eskimoes live near the North Pole. There are two seasons here: winter and summer. There are no spring or autumn there. The winter nights are long. You can't see the sun for more than two months, even at noon. The summer days are long. For more than two months the sun never goes down and there is no night. The Eskimoes have warm clothes. They make their clothes from the skins of animals. Near the North Pole trees can't grow, for it is too cold there. The Eskimoes have to make their houses from skins, stone or snow. When they go out in a storm and can't get back home, they make houses of snow. They leave these snow houses when the storm is over.
   Life is hard for the Eskimoes, but they still like to live there.
   

6.Indians in the United States
    Indians in the United States are facing with important problems. First, as group of people with their own languages and cultures, each tribe wants to keep its traditions and keep some of its native customs. The grown-ups want their children to be proud of being Indians, as well as to survive in the outside of the world. The young people want to enter the modern world, which they see on TV and in films. Like every one else, they are anxious to get a good education and a good job. However, the Indians see little prospect for success and become disappointed because they usually go to low grade schools and often cannot get used to life in the city. In addition, many Indians feel they are looked down upon, partly because they always see themselves as losers in films and history books. They have lost much of their self-confidence(自信) and pride, and they must face in order to get rid of their problems.
 

7. Monaco 
     Nearly all the tourists who come to southeast France make a tour of Monaco, too. Lying near the French Italian border, Monaco is not part of France, but a separate principality, though it is surrounded by its great neighbour.
     Monaco became a principality in the 16th century after being owned by a family member of a certain Italian King. The French and the Italians, however, soon came to "protect" it one after the other until 1861, when it became its own master again.
     Facing the blue Mediterranean, Monaco is mainly made up of two cities, Monaco, there the palace for the prince stands; and Montecalo, which is a wonderful place for  tourists. Every year, around half a million people from all parts of the world come to Monaco, nearly 25 times as much as its own population.
     Believe it or not, Monaco has no soldiers or policemen of its own. Law and order is kept by the French police, and French stand for it in its foreign affairs, even the money used in Monaco is the franc too.

8.Special Traditions in Hawaii
    There are some special traditions in Hawaii. People are very friendly and always welcome visitors. They give visitors a lei, a long necklace of beautiful fresh flowers. Men wear bright flowered shirts, and women often wear long flowered dresses. There are traditional Chinese, Japanese and Philippine holidays and all the holidays from the United States. They call Hawaii the Aloha States. Aloha States means both hello and goodbye. It also means I love you.
    Usually when people from different countries, races, and traditions, live together, there are serious problems. There are a few problems in Hawaii, but, in general, people have learned to live together in peace.
      Hawaiians get most of their money from visitors, and most of the visitors come from the mainland and from Japan. There are so many people living in Hawaii now that there are areas where there are to be farms. Some big factories have moved to the Philippines, where they do not have to pay workers as much money.
     The families of the first people who came from the U.S. mainland own the important banks and factories. Japanese are also buying or starting business.

9. Breakfast
    American people have been brought up to believe that a good breakfast is one of the most important in life. Eating breakfast at the start of the day is as necessary as putting oil in the family car before starting a trip.
     But for many people the thought of food first thing in the morning is by no means a pleasure. They still take no breakfast. Between 1977 and 1983, the number of people who didn't have breakfast increased from 8.8 million to 11.7 million.
     For those who feel pain of guilt about not eating breakfast, however, there is some good news. Several studies in the last few years show that, for grown-ups especially, there may be nothing wrong without breakfast. “Going  without breakfast does not have anything with performance,” one of the professors at Queen Elizabeth College in London said, “nor does giving people breakfast improve performance.”
    Scientific evidence about breakfast to better health or better performance is surprisingly not enough, and most of the recent work involves children, not grown-ups. “The literature,” says one research, Dr. Ernesto Pollitt at the University of Texas, “is poor.”

10.The Stars and Stripes
    The basic flag of the United States is one of the world's oldest national flags. Only the basic flags of Austria, Denmark, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland are older.
    During the discovery and settlement of what is now the United States, the flags of different European nations were flown over the land, as signs of possession Later, in the Colonial and Revolutionary War periods, flags representing famous persons, places and events were flown in the American Colonies. The first official flag of the United States was created by Congress on June 14, 1777. It was made up of 13 alternate red and white stripes and 13 white stars in a field of blue, representing the 13 colonies that had declared their independence in 1776. Congress agreed and accepted a new flag of 15 stars and 15 stripes in 1795, to give representation to the two new states admitted into the union, Vermont and Kentucky.
     By 1817,there were 20 states in the Union, and it became clear that adding one stripe for each new state would destroy the shape of the flag. As a result, Congress in 1818 again used the original design of 13 stripes and provided that each state was to be represented by one star. In 1912 President William H.T made the first official provision (规定) for the arrangement of the stars, and he ordered that there be six even rows of eight stars each. Soon the arrangement of the stars had been left to the flag-maker's imagination.
    The change of the Stars and Stripes shows the growth of the United States. After the admission of Hawaii into the Union in 1959 the flag was officially changed for the 26th time since its creation.
    There are many government flags flown in the United States in addition to the national flag. Among them are the president's and vice-president's flags and those of the federal departments and some federal agencies. Each state in the Union has an official flag. The United States Navy uses special flags for signaling.

11.Yankeeland
     “Yankeeland” as New England is called, includes six “Yankee States” in the northeast there are Vermont , New Hampshire  and Maine  from west to east in turn; Massachusetts is between these and Connecticut  and Rhode Island. Some people think that “Yankee” may be Dutch word “Jan” with the double “e” at the end standing for“small”. It seems certain that the word did not originate in America, for “Yankee”,“Dutch”, and other examples of the term, have been found in Britain as early as 1683. But it was in America that the word first used as a scornful name to some New England soldiers serving in the British army before the American War of Independence. When the Americans first defeated the British at Concord in 1775, they began to call themselves “Yankees”and took pride in the name. Now Yankee is often used by people abroad as a name for Americans in general, which in the country proper it is still limited to New Englanders.



12. Australia
     Australia is a large island continent lying to the south of Asia, which has a various people in size, colour and origins. It is more than two hundred years old.
     Its big cities lie on the southeast coast, where most Australians live. Australians prefer to have their own houses, though some live in public living houses. Australians are a suburban people. The suburbs surround the cities for many miles, and so efficient transport is of great importance.
     As the economy grows, so do its industries a longer level of production, a wider range of products.
The Australian work hard, but they like relaxing themselves. The climate there makes outdoor activities the most popular.
    Canberra, the capital of Australia, is a planned modern city lying in land. Australia is ruled by a parliamentary democracy. The representatives of other countries have their embassies here. Australia wants to strengthen relations with her neighbours.
    Australia is a strange land, a land of large wild space rich valleys, snow fields and deserts also a land with special animals, many of which can not be found on any other continent today. Much of the continent is dry, but man has made good use of the land, made it productive, with its tools, with its technology. This is the driest continent of all, and water is a precious possession, more precious than all other natural resources. Large dams are built to collect water, which is then carried down to the plains below there to irrigate the fields of grassland and crops.
     But Australia is changing. The land of wool and wheat is now a land of large scale industry and mining. The costs of developing the new mineral discoveries are very large, but the rewards are great too. Australia is a young and developing nation. Australia is a nation that wants to communicate with its neighbours.

13.Talk with the Nose
    Some Indians living along the Amazon River in Latin America are in a strange habit of talking with their nose. Instead of moving their lips, they produce all sound out of the openings of their noses. They only use mouth and tongue while eating or drinking.
    However, it seems that the structure of their vocal cords and oral cavity turns out to be the same as that of a normal person.

14.Auld Lang Syne
      Auld Lang Syne is a Scottish song. The title of the song means in English Old days gone by. The music is an old Scottish tune and the words were originally written by the Scottish national poet, Robert Burns. This famous poet was born at Alloway, in a small cottage, which now is a Burns museum. During his short life, (1759--1796) he wrote about 300 traditional songs, both in the Scottish dialect and in standard English. This song is quite popular in Britain and also all over the world. People generally sing this song on special occasions, such as New Year's Eve. People, old and young, gather together in their homes or in the local pubs and merrily sing this song over a glass of whisky or beer.
      There has been a tradition, on 25th January, for people of literary circles to celebrate the birth of this poet. That is usually known as the Robbie Burns Night.
      Robert Burns gained great fame for his simple, touching and attractive poems such as "My love is Like a Red, Red Rose". It is always a great pleasure for English students to learn this poem. Burns had a great capacity for love, friendship and hearty fellowship and these attitudes provide the chief themes of his poems.
 

15.The Capital of the United States
     When George Washington became the first President of the United States, there was no permanent capital. During the Revolutionary War seven different cities had served as the national capital. In addition, the members of Congress could not agree to where this permanent capital should be located. Some officials wanted it in the North, others wanted it in the South. Each of the states hoped that the capital might be set up within its own state lines.
     At last it was decided that the capital should occupy a section by itself, separate from any of the states. The place chosen was situated on the Potomac River. The land then belonged to the state of Maryland, but Maryland agreed to give it to the national government. The section was named the District of Columbia, after Christopher Columbus. The city itself was named Washington, after George Washington.
     Work was begun on the new capital in 1791. In the year 1800 Congress occupied the new Capital Building. The White House was opened at the same time as the home of all future presidents.
  

16. Football in England
     Football is, I suppose, the most popular game in England: one has only to go to one of the important matches to see this. Rich and poor, young and old, one can see them all there, shouting and cheering for one side or the other.
      One of the most surprising things about football in England to a stranger is the great knowledge of the game which even the smallest boy seems to have. He can tell you the names of the players in most of the important teams; he has photographs of them and knows the results of large numbers of matches. He will tell you, with a great air of authority, who he expects will win such and such a match, and his opinion is usually as valuable as that of men three or four times his age.
      Most schools in England take football seriously—much more seriously than nearly all European schools, where lessons are all important, and games left for private arrangements. In England, it is believed that education is not only a matter of filling a boy's mind with facts in the classroom; education also means character training; and one of the best ways of training character is by means of games, especially team games, where the boys has to learn to work with others for his team, instead of working selfishly for himself alone. The school therefore arranges games and matches for its pupils. Football is a good team game; it is good exercise for the body; it needs skill and quick brain; it is popular and it is cheap; as a result it is the school's favourite game in the winter.

17. Manhattan
      Manhattan, an island about thirteen miles long and two miles wide, form the basic part of New York City, from whose mainland it is separated by the Harlem river. It was discovered by Verrazane in 1524, visited by Hadson in 1609 and first taken by force as part of New Netherland by the Dutch. They gave the name Manhattan to the local Indians, and in 1626,the finished fact of its settlement was given some likeness of legality by its purchase from the Indians for sixty guilders ($24). As one of the five boroughs of New York City, the island holds the main business districts and includes Wall Street, Greenwich village, Broadway, the East Side, Harlem and Battery.
 
18. A British Jury
     The chief town in each county, the county town in Britain has a court house, which is visited by judges several times a year.
      Trial at county court, and at the Old Bailey, where prisoners accused of serious offenses are tried, are in the hands of a judge and a jury. The beginnings of the jury system can be found in the eleventh century, and it became the basis of British justice. The jury represents the people, and it is the jury, not the judge, which decides whether an accused person is guilty or not.
      A British jury consists of twelve members. Any householder can be ordered to serve on a jury, and they cannot refuse unless they have a very good reason.
      During a trial the jury sat in silence and listened. They were not allowed to ask questions. After hearing the summing-up of the judge and by the lawyer defending, the jury retired to the jury room locked in until they reached their verdict, or decision, which had to be guilty or not guilty.

19. Liberty Island
      In the water around New York City is a very small island called Liberty Island. On Liberty Island there is a very special statue of Liberty. It is one of the most famous sights in the world.
      The Statue of Liberty was a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States. The Statue was made by a French sculptor named Frederick August Bartholdi. The inner support system was designed by Gustave Liffler, the same man who made the famous Eiffel Tower in Paris.
      Liberty, of course, means freedom, and the Statue of Liberty was given to the United States to celebrate the one hundredth anniversary of U S. independence from England. The Statue was built in France, taken apart piece by piece, and then rebuilt in the U.S. It was opened for the public on October 28, 1886.
     As you might have expected, the Statue is very big. Visitors can ride an elevator from the ground to the bottom of the Statue. If they want to, they can then walk up the 168 steps to reach the head of the Statue where they can look out and enjoy the beautiful sight of the city of New York.

20. Buttons On Sleeves
   Did you notice the buttons on the sleeves of men's jackets? There are many stories explaining how they came to be there.
   One story is connected with Frederick the Great, who was King of Prussia in the 18th century. His armies fought in a great many battles, and he was often on the field of battle with his troops. One of his concerns, so the story goes, was the appearance of his soldiers. Once as he went about inspecting his troops, he became quite worried at the dirty sleeves of their uniforms. When he asked why the sleeves were dirtier than the rest of the uniforms, he was told that soldiers wiped the sweat from their faces on their sleeves.
   Frederick refused to have this habit continue. So to stop it, he ordered metal buttons be sewed（缝） on the top side of all soldiers' sleeves. That way, if the men wiped their faces, using their sleeves, they would get badly scratched.
   Later, these buttons were put on ordinary people's jackets as well, but only as decoration（装饰）. So if you notice buttons on your father's jacket sleeves, don't think that your mother put them there to stop him from wiping his face with them. The buttons are only for decoration!

21. A story about the State of Florida 
The governor of the island of Puerto Rico was Ponce de Leon. He had come to the New World on the second voyage of Columbus. In the New World he had become rich, but he was not happy because he was growing old. The Indians told him of a rich land to the north. In this land there was a spring of water that would make him young again. In 1513, Ponce de Leon set out in search of the magic spring, the Fountain of Youth as the Indians called it. On Easter Sunday the Spanish fleet caught sight of  land. They named the beautiful land Tierra Florida, which means "Land of Flowers". Ponce de Leon was the first Spaniard to visit land that is now part of the United States.
Ponce de Leon marched through Florida looking for gold and the magic spring. It is said that he bathed in every spring he could find, but he did not become young again. Not having any success, he returned to Puerto Rico. In1521he returned to Florida but was wounded in a fight with the Indians. He died in Cuba, believing that Florida was an island.

22.The International Date Line
Between Alaska and Siberia there are two islands called the Diomedes. One is Big Diomede. The other is Little Diomede. These two islands are only two miles apart. But a strange thing happens to anyone who goes from one island to the other. He goes to another day in the week!
If he goes from Big Diomede to Little Diomede he goes back to the day before. If he goes from Little Diomede to Big Diomede he jumps to the day ahead. The reason this strange thing happens is that the imaginary line called the International Date Line goes between these two islands.
It is never the same time everywhere in the world. When it is six o'clock in the evening in New York, it is only three o'clock in San Francisco. But it is midnight in London. "Later east, earlier west" is a good rule in thinking of time. But there must be a starting place. The starting place is the International Date Line.
Little Diomede is just barely east of the International Date Line. Big Diomede is just barely west of it. Suppose it is Tuesday noon on Little Diomede. There are 24 hours in a day. Every 24th of the way around the world makes an hour's difference in time. In London, halfway around the world, it is midnight on Tuesday. Halfway on around the world at Big Diomede, it is 12 hours later still. It is noon on Wednesday. So moving from one Diomede to the other means going to another day of the week. 
The International Date Line runs all the way from the North Pole to the South Pole. For most of the way it is in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. 
One of the ships of the explorer Magellan was the first ship to sail around the world. It took almost three years to make the journey. The sailors kept track of time carefully. The day they landed they were sure was Wednesday. But it turned out to be Thursday instead. They did not understand how they had lost a day. Of course, they had sailed west across the International Date Line. 
Edgar Allan Poe once wrote a story called "Three Sundays in a Week". You could not get three whole Sundays in a week, but you could get three in eight days by sailing over the International Date Line and back.

23.The Origins Of Basketball
It is said that the origins of basketball can back to Springfield, Massachusetts, where James Naismith invented a game for those who were always cutting men's gym class to play. The young men were unable to stay still and longed for a sport that was both exciting and interesting. After thinking over how to fill this blank（空白）, Naismith snatched some peach baskets, threw them a football and told them to go and play.
And so they did, nine to a side, wearing wool pants and turtlenecks. Basketball was officially born, in a form that is hardly recognizable today.
The game that celebrated its 100th anniversary Saturday has been quite popular. Those who have watched and played and trained basketball realize Springfield's importance in their sport's history. For it was the place where the game originated.
For Larry Bird, the game of basketball was born in a small town called French Lick, Indiana, where, walking to his grandmother's house from school every day, he passed a court full of older, stronger players. Most times he was too cold and hungry to play. Most times he played anyway, until the game became his great interest and his lifeblood.
Earvin Johnson had never heard of French Lick as a child. He was sure the game of basketball was invented in East Lansing, Michigan, where, after helping his father to collect rubbish in the morning, he would seize an old plastic basketball and shake off the cold by shooting jumper after jumper. After a while, a warm feeling would come upon him, in spite of the snow.

24.Thanksgiving Day
    Thanksgiving Day is always celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November. It is the most traditional American holiday .The first Thanksgiving was held in Massachusetts in 1621.After a year of great hardship, the colonist wanted to give thanks to God for their first harvest. They invited their Indian friends to join them in a big dinner. Today the holiday is still celebrated as a day for giving thanks. But it wasn't a regular national holiday until President Lincoln declared that the last Thursday in November would thereafter be Thanksgiving Day in 1863. It is a day of family reunion and it is customary to invite friends to share the meal. In some large cities, there are some important football games that are played on Thanksgiving Day.
    For Americans, Thanksgiving Day is one of the few days of the year when the entire family gets together. Everyone is glad to see everyone else and there is a very busy exchange of greetings. The women soon disappear into the kitchen to help prepare the dinner. The men, meanwhile, settle down to watch a football game on television, or to discuss business or politics. If weather permits some of the more athletic men go outside to play ball with the children. Then everyone will sit down to dinner, in which traditional Thanksgiving foods such as stuffed turkey, sweet potatoes, chestnuts, and pumpkin pies are served. After dinner, people will sit around and talk.

25. How did the Calendar come into being?
     In ancient Rome, a number of people lived on lending out money and collecting interests every month. In order not to make mistakes, some of them, who had much money and many debtors, used a special kind of book to record the sum of money lent out every day and the interests due. Those books used month as a unit. They also had remarks columns to show everything clearly.
      Later, the simple and clear way of record-keeping had been widely used in other trades. Some changes had also been made. People began to use one page for each month and print advertisements and pictures on them for decoration. However, the previous use of the books for record keeping is no longer that important. When putting together twelve pages of a year, there came today's calendar.

26.Tea in England
     Drinking tea is a main part of English people's life. In the morning, husband or wife, still in bed, may get a cup of tea brought by others before getting up. For hotel guests, the first thing they do after they wake up in the morning is to drink tea. Even in small inns, electric teapots are prepared for the customers.
     Nowadays in England, every company prepares electric teapots, teacups, tea and milk for its employees. Big office-buildings and enterprises have the drinking-rooms. In places where there are no drinking-rooms, some women will be employed to prepare tea and bring it to people. China is the hometown for tea. Records about tea-planting in China date back to as early as 350 B.C. Englishman still had been drinking coffee as other Westerners up to the early 17th century. But at that time, Dutchmen first transported tea to Europe from China. It came into England as many as 50 years later. East Indian Company at that time did tea business on large scale and acted as an important role in making the tea known to the public.

正式和非正式英语的一些表达形式

正式和非正式英语的一些表达形式 

 语言是交际的工具，为了达到更好的交际目的，人们根据情景和交际的目的选择不同的文体。正式语言和非正式语言的运用是交际中重要的文体形式。同样在英语中正式英语用于比较严肃的场合，而非正式的英语用于比较随便的场合。下面是一些正式英语和非正式英语的形式。 

1. 状语 
1) 时间，原因和条件状语可以用非谓语动词的形式，也可以用状语从句的形式，一般的说，非谓语动词形式比状语从句形式正式。 
Being (As he was) a farmer, he had to get up early. 
Weather permitting (If weather permits), we shall go. 

2)方式和程度状语可用介词短语，也可以用副词表示，一般说，介词短语比副词正式。 
He spoke in a confident way / with confidence. (confidently) 

3) 英语中用一些副词有两种形式，一种是-ly形式，一种是同形容词的形式相同，一般说，前者比后者正式。 
I'll get back as quickly (quick) as I can. 
He read loudly (loud). 
I guessed rightly (right). 

4) 让步状语从句 `how (who, when, what) ever' 的形式比 no matter how (who, when, what) 的形式正式。 
However (No matter how) difficult the work may be, I shall finish it. 

2. 代词 
I. 关系代词 
1) 定语从句中作宾语的关系词`Whom' 比 `who'正式。 
He is the person whom (who) I met the other day. 

2) 在定语从句中作主语和宾语的关系词`Who' `whom' and `which'比 `that' 正式。
He is the person who (that) is well-known all over the country. 
This is the book which (that) I bought yesterday. 
I know the person whom (that) you spoke to. 

3) 指时间和地点的从句 `Prep + which' 比 `when' and `where' 从句正式。 
This is the place in which (where ) I worked. 
That is the day on which (when) I came. 

II. 人称代词 
1) 通常在比较级中主格比宾格正式。 
He is taller than I (me). 
Who is there ? It is I.(me) 

2) 在动名词前，所属格比主格正式。 
Do you mind my (me) smoking? 
I am surprised at his (him) making that mistake. 

3) 单数人称代词比复数正式。 
Everyone should do his (their) duty. 
Give me (us) a kiss, darling. 
Everyone thinks he knows (they know) the answer. 

4) 指作者本人用 `We' 比 `I' 正式。 
As we (I) showed in Chapter One, it is not an easy question. 

5) 泛指人时，`One' 比 `you' 正式。 
One (You) never knows what may happen. 

6) 在复合句中，主句和从句中的主语出现名词和代词时，主句中用名词比用人称代词正式。 
The plane took off as soon as it had refueled. 
 (It took off as soon as the plane had refueled.) 

III. 指示代词 
1) 当`This' 和 `that'都是后指时，'that' 比 `this' 正式。 
That (This) is what I thought. 

2.)`that / those' 作为先行词比名词正式。 
Those flowers are better than those which (the flowers) we planted last year. 

3. 主谓一致 
1) 单数比复数正式。 
None / Neither of them has (have) arrived yet. 

2) 复数比单数正式。 
If I were (was) you I would do that. 
Neither his wife nor his child have (has) arrived. 
There are (is) hundreds of people outside. 

3) 和kind 连用的名词单数比复数正式。 
This kind of dog (These kinds of dogs are) is easy to train. 
I like most kind of cat (cats). 

4. 倒装句比不倒装句正式。 
Had I known it (If I had known it) I would have told you. 
Hardly have I seen this. (I have hardly seen this.) 
Away went the car (The car went away) like a whirl wind. 
Under no circumstances must the door be left unlocked. 
 (The door must be left unlocked under no circumstances.) 
Most of the problems a computer could solve easily. 
 (A computer could solve most of the problems easily.) 

5. 不省略的形式比省略的形式正式。 
I know that he is a famous writer.
He is a person whom I have known for several years. 
I spent all the week in writing my paper. 
I saw her on the day after her birthday. 
We are going to visit China in the following spring. 
You can borrow my pen if you want to borrow. 
He suggested that we should come early. 

6. 介词前提比介词结尾的句子正式。 
He is a person on whom we can rely (whom we can rely on). 
With what did he write it? (What did he write it with?) 

7. 情态动词 
1) 用于请求时，`May' 比 `can' 正式。 
May (Can) I use your bike? 

2) 用于请求时，`Would' 和 `Could' 比 `will' 和 `can' 正式。 
Would / Could ( Will / Can) you like to give a speech? 

8. 泛指时定冠词比名词复数正式。 
The horse is a very useful animal. 
 (Horses are very useful animals.) 

9. 从句比不定式的形式正式。 
It is important that we should do it (for us to do it). 
It seems that he is a teacher. (He seems to be a teacher.) 

10. 其它的一些句子。 
1) If you come early, you will see him. 
 (Come early and you will see him.) 
2) I shall try and do it. (I shall try to do it.) 
3) He is so young that he can not dress himself. 
 (He is too young to dress himself.) 
4) It is so beautiful a city. (It is such a beautiful city.) 
5) Haven't you heard the news? (Have you not heard the news?) 
6) To my surprise, I hear the news. ( I'm surprised to hear the news.) 
7) We starts for Beijing tonight. (We are starting for Beijing tonight.) 
8) To begin with, (First ) we must consider this thoroughly. 
9) I go to see my old friend occasionally (now and then). 
10) I am hence (therefore) unable to help you. 
11) By the way, (Incidentally) do you know something about this? 
12) I was ill therefore (so) I could not come. 
13) Ultimately (Finally) I shall say a few words about it. 
14) He spoke loudly in order that (so that) every one could hear him. 
15) You should work hard even though (even if) you have made great progress. 
16) They asked me whether (if) they would come. 
17) He still works hard although (though) he is old. 
18) He took his umbrella lest (for fear that ) it should rain. 
19) Don't come otherwise (or) I shall fire. 
20) He failed to go there on account of (because of ) the rain. 
21) He works hard despite (in spite of) his old age. 
22) In my opinion (I think) he is not correct. 
23) He got up early in order to (so as to) have more time to study. 
24) Many (lots of) people get much ( a lot of ) pleasure from music. 
25) He has little (not much) money and few (not many) friends. 
26) I fear (am afraid) that he will not come. 
27) I have to (have got to ) see my friend. 
28) The majority ( Most) of the passengers were rescued. 
29) Phone me again within (in) a weak. 
30) What on earth (in the hell) are you doing?

How To Learn English!

How To Learn English!
How To Learn English! Here are some tips which may help you to master the English Language! 
1. Speak without Fear. 
The biggest problem most people face in learning a new language is their own fear.  They worry that they won’t say things correctly or that they will look stupid so they don’t talk at all.  Don’t do this.  The fastest way to learn anything is to do it – again and again until you get it right.  Like anything, learning English requires practice.  Don’t let a little fear stop you from getting what you want.   
2. Use all of your Resources.
Even if you study English at a language school it doesn’t mean you can’t learn outside of class.  Using as many different sources, methods and tools as possible, will allow you to learn faster.  There are many different ways you can improve your English, so don’t limit yourself to only one or two.  The Internet is a fantastic resource for virtually anything, but for the language learner it's perfect. 
3. Surround Yourself with English. 
The absolute best way to learn English is to surround yourself with it.  Take notes in English, put English books around your room, listen to English language radio broadcasts, watch English news, movies and television.  Speak English with your friends whenever you can. The more English material that you have around you, the faster you will learn and the more likely it is that you will begin “thinking in English.” 
4. Listen to Native Speakers as Much as Possible. 
There are some good English teachers that have had to learn English as a second language before they could teach it.  However, there are several  reasons why many of the best schools prefer to hire native English speakers. One of the reasons is that native speakers have a natural flow to their speech that students of English should try to imitate. The closer ESL / EFL students can get to this rhythm or flow, the more convincing and comfortable they will become.   
5. Watch English Films and Television. 
This is not only a fun way to learn but it is also very effective.  By watching English films (especially those with English subtitles) you can expand your vocabulary and hear the flow of speech from the actors.  If you listen to the news you can also hear different accents. 
6. Listen to English Music. 
Music can be a very effective method of learning English.  In fact, it is often used as a way of improving comprehension.  The best way to learn though, is to get the lyrics (words) to the songs you are listening to and try to read them as the artist sings.  There are several good Internet sites where one can find the words for most songs. This way you can practice your listening and reading at the same time.  And if you like to sing, fine. 
7. Study As Often As Possible! 
Only by studying things like grammar and vocabulary and doing exercises, can you really improve your knowledge of any language.   
8. Do Exercises and Take Tests. 
Many people think that exercises and tests aren't much fun.  However, by completing exercises and taking tests you can really improve your English. One of the best reasons for doing lots of exercises and tests is that they give you a benchmark to compare your future results with.  Often, it is by comparing your score on a test you took yesterday with one you took a month or six months ago that you realize just how much you have learned.  If you never test yourself, you will never know how much you are progressing. Start now by doing some of the many exercises and tests on this site, and return in a few days to see what you've learned. Keep doing this and you really will make some progress with English. 
9. Record Yourself. 
Nobody likes to hear their own voice on tape but like tests, it is good to compare your tapes from time to time.  You may be so impressed with the progress you are making that you may not mind the sound of your voice as much. 
10. Listen to English. 
By this, we mean, speak on the phone or listen to radio broadcasts, audiobooks or CDs in English. This is different than watching the television or films because you can’t see the person that is speaking to you.  Many learners of English say that speaking on the phone is one of the most difficult things that they do and the only way to improve is to practice. 
11. Finally, have fun!